Dishonesty in Hamlet Essay

many an new(prenominal)(prenominal) critics withstand suggested village chronicles the perils of brio indoors a largely false and insincere human race. To what extent has this been your experience of Shakespeares pushover?The valet we contemporaryly know has undergo many stages and eras such as the spiritual rebirth era and the New World Era. In each of these eras, falsification, s pointle, dupery and revenge either seem to grow rich, even so penitence and guilt grow poor. Like a domino effect, with on the whole this tre workforcedous falsehood come fatal and destructive dangers in life. Whether it be due to the risks of overthin business leader, or mayhap the risks of taking action, they seem to grow exponentially with time. William Shakespeare portrays patently this changing serviceman and its forever increasing perils of deceit passim the play settlement, representing the aftermath of deception and its effect on everything around us, specifically the cap ital Chain of Being and Nature itself.The world the audience is shown as they enter crossroads is stuck in a phase in the midst of the Renaissance and New World Era. The men of the Renaissance era were warriors and put cuss in themselves, whereas in the New World, to a greater extent men are thinkers as they have lost a sense of experiential trust. This transition is essentially portrayed in the allusion to the story of the Helen of Troy, recited by settlement himself in bend 2 perspective 2 where Pyrrhus, a son who vows to avenge his shortly father, seeks revenge on his murderer, Priam. Pyrrhus goes on to attain Priam, only if forrader doing so, like a neutral to his lead and matter does zero. However after this pa subprogram, he is subject to follow through with his mission.Pyrrhus hence portrays a real warrior. Similarly, we see in stand for 3 scene 3, settlement spare-time activity in Pyrrhus legacy to avenge his father, however there is a detrimental contrarie ty in Hamlets methods. Hamlet, being a thinker from the new world, pauses before striking fag Claudius, however he does what Pyrrhus would not dare do think. Essentially, Hamlet changes what should have occurred, and in turn provokes a ripple effect where Polonius, Ophelia, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, etc. all die. This at long last debates how Shakespeare intends to chronicle how as the world changes and becomes less trusting with ones self, the perils of overthinking life become more than and more real and thusly cause the perils of catch ones breathder. each(prenominal) this change in the world and the ever-increasing deceit add up and cause a significant rupture and destruction of the enormous Chain Of Being (GCOB). Where a king should be a descendant of the current king, instead of Hamlet bonnie king, Claudius takes his position. Claudius vest is an extensive simile for a sham he wears in which it makes himself feel more more evocative and powerful, something he is not. end-to-end the entire play, Claudius life is ultimately an empirical lie.Portrayed through a metaphor utilize in Hamlets conversation with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Act 2 Scene 2 that Denmarks a prison, Shakespeare suggests that the city has spiralled into destruction, violence and guilty sins. Also with the use of the metaphysical appearances of the pinch of Old Hamlet in triplex scenes, the audience is brought to adjudicate that the artifice of King Claudius has inflicted disruption to each and every individual in Denmark. Hamlet tells the story of a real life Machiavel and how his villainous actions cause downfall and havoc to all life in Denmark. Ultimately, the anecdote of King Claudius is used to represent how ones dishonesty to himself, and to everyone around him, create dangers to not solely himself, but to nature and society itself.The predilection that lies and deceit cause disturbances to every individuals lives is further enhanced by the use of str ucture in Hamlet. In almost every scene in which lies are being told (such as Act 2 scene 2 where Hamlet insults Polonius with his lies and where Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attempt to lie to Hamlet, and again in Act 3 Scene 2 where Hamlet teaches the players how to act or, in other words, lie, and so forth) the structure changes from Shakespeares famed iambic pentameter, to structure less speech.This use of transitory structures is Shakespeares method of metaphors to demonstrate that as people become more and more dishonest, they begin to destroy the holy harmony of life and how its sequences should play out, push it into hallucination and confusion. Shakespeare attempts to portray to his audience his thinker that the more lies and dishonesty, the more the perils of causing death and destroying the true sequence of events that are meant to be followed, falling back on the topic of disturbances of the GCOB.An old novel states that if you keep making faces as the wind change s, your face will prevail that way. Analysing this further, if you wear a hide in many different situations, you curtly begin to wear that mask forever. Shakespeare alludes to this falsehood in Act 2 Scene 2 where Hamlet says he is but mad north-north-west but when the wind is southerly, he knows a hawk from a handsaw. In Act 1 Scene 5, Hamlet states how he will put on an antic disposition, in other words put on a metaphorical mask whenever he is around those he does not trust. Shakespeares allusion to the myth suggests that if Hamlet continues to act like soulfulness he is not, he will remain that way he will remain to be crazy.Essentially, Hamlets dishonesty with himself and with those around him foreshadows his downfall, and, ultimately, his death. By alluding to the myth in one scene, and portraying how Hamlet is thence wearing this mask as the wind changes in another scene, it can be extracted that Shakespeare intended to show a maturation story of the dangers of lying and wearing masks to shroud up the truth. If in your own world, you moldiness lie to yourself, and continuously lie and shit yourself, indeed you will remain that way, and henceforward lead on to much more fatal things such as becoming permanently insane.This notion of wearing masks to baffle up ones true identity is evident throughout the ground level of Hamlet. It is again seen where Polonius hides himself behind an tapis in Act 3 Scene 4, signal detection on Hamlet and his mothers conversation. Essentially, Polonius choice to hide behind an arras and lead himself into dishonesty unravels and causes him to be incidentally murdered. The demonstration of the consequences of lying and deceiving is genuinely beefed-up here, where it does not lead to simply madness nor pain, but the worst punishment of our current world death. This irreversible consequence demonstrates the despair of Shakespeare to get his message across that with lying and dishonesty, there is a chain chemi cal reaction and it may possibly lead to death, ultimately the greatest peril of life.There is a specific order in which the world works, and when one lies, or deceives those around them, indeed they denature the destined sequence of events in life. In doing so they form a sense of confusion and cause even more dishonesty with everyone around them. In conjunction with the above, it is overly simplistic to conclude that William Shakespeare depicts the ever-increasing dishonesty and deceitfulness throughout Hamlet and in turn successfully and evidently chronicles the consequences and aftermath of these sinful actions.

'Geo Sba Cxc\r'

' outlook Name: Nathaniel J. Adiah Candidate turning: bow: Geography School: video display College Chaguanas Year of run: Teacher’s Name: coach: To identify, describe and beak for the features of eroding and affidavit on Las Cuevas quest. Candidate Name: Candidate Number: Subject: Geography School: Year of Exam: Teacher’s Name: Aim: To identify, describe and account for the features of erosion and deposition along Las Cuevas verbalize. Contents Aim:4 Methodology5Introduction:6 Description of the Bay7 Presentation of findings †depth psychology and Discussion8 Caves9 Arches10 Stumps11 Cliffs12 Blowholes13 Geos14 Headlands15 Coves16 Notches17 The coast18 Conclusion20 Limitations21 Bibliography22 Aim: To identify, describe and account for the features of erosion and deposition along Las Cuevas Bay. Methodology Where? : Las Cuevas Bay When? : Monday 11th June, 2012. From 9:00 am †1:30 pm How? : The class was demote into six groups and each group analyz e a specific site along the shore.Each group carried out a estimate of tests: wave height, using a thou stick; wave absolute frequency, using a stopwatch; width of the bound, using a measuring tape. Introduction: Las Cuevas Bay is a 2. 2 kilometer raise brim named after the caves that lie on the south end of the margin. Las Cuevas Bay is located just about 7 kilometers east of Maracas Bay along the North Coast Road. This beach is exceedingly popular for both bathing and camping. The beach was chosen because of the fact that it has a component of observable features. Description of the Bay Las Cuevas Bay is approximately 2. kilometers long and its width is 74 feet. It is a bay head beach with a horse shoe shape. At the time of the study rain was go and there was a gentle breeze. It was during ut about tide. The beach gradient was gentle and uniform. The waves were inferential (8 waves per minute). Presentation of findings †Analysis and Discussion demote graph 1: showing the numeral of each feature seen on the beach The bar graph above shows that the most prevalent feature on the beach was the cliffs. Most of the features observed were seen at the east end of the beach. CavesA cave is a inwrought underground hollow in the rock, normally large enough for a forgiving being to enter. The solution of carbonate rocks much(prenominal) as limestone takes place mostly on a lower floor the wet table in the district of saturation or the phreatic zone. The water table sinks as the rocks are fade out and caves are create. Arches Stumps Cliffs Sea cliffs are formed when waves strike vigorously against a center coast. Blowholes Geos Headlands Coves Notches The Beach The beach is the sole(prenominal) depositional feature. get out graph 1: wave frequency at different points along the beachErosional Features| Depositional Features| Caves| Beach| Cliffs| | Geos| | Headlands| | Coves| | Blowhole| | Notches| | Stumps| | Arches| | Conclusion A reck on of features were observed although the beach is now raised so present processes have no great effect on each features except the beach. Las Cuevas Beach is a electrostatic beach system with several erosional features and only one depositional feature, which is the beach itself. Limitations Some limitations on this study are: 1) The weather 2) Timeframe 3) heave Bibliography\r\n'

'Physical and economic values\r'

'Your Self-esteem G. How to Develop self-assertiveness somatogenic set This be good-nigh the tangible aspects of brio: the external greetledge base as well as the realm of our physical health and well-being. Such value relate to the amount of space we contain to feel comfort fitted and the degree to which we argon satisfied and fulfilled by esthetic stimulation and material possessions. These determine brook be seen in diffeeconomic rent shipway: 1 . Clothing titles Wearing the effective clothing for the proper occasion is important. However, ethnical rules in other countries might be different from your own.So, our clothes say a bang-up deal about who we atomic number 18 and drive out signal a great deal of socially important things to others, heretofore if the impression is very unfounded. 2. Vehicles The importance of a gondola to the occupancy can non be underestimated. Businesses traffic with both form of merchandise engage reliable transport for a un iform supply of goods to their business as well as delivery of goods to their clients. A car is an invaluable asset to the business that leave enable faster implementation of the business process.Our c beers and presentation in the society are in addition very important aspects in our lives and each and every activity that we do exit most certainly contract traveling and marketing a cleverness or a product. Having a car enhances your presentation and your range of mountains. However it is non altogether important to have one merely also to maintain the car in clean polished condition in order to retain that professional image that will keep you ahead of the relative majority all the time. 3. Architectural preferences in the mansion we select to buy or rent Architects have long thought that the style of a building conveys social meanings and mortalal effects emotional experience.These convey personality traits such as friendliness, privacy and independence, social statu s, aesthetic sense, life style, ideas and values to others. 4. Actual health of the body Good health has a positively charged effect on the productiveness of the employees. This will make you feel more energetic and you will be able to carry out both innocent as well as energetic tasks without pushing yourself too hard. As your bear in mind and body is free from work atmospheric pressure and mental stress, you can handle the mundane chores at workplace with a positive attitude.You feel motivated to finish glum the task at hand and will be interested to work on more number of things. Your mind develops a natural tendency to focus upon the positives and is not bothered much about the negatives. Physical values are about flavour physically satisfied and comfortable in our home and in our environment. Economic Values Economic values are also known as monetary life values. These are about currency and finances. They are unrelated to how much money we actually have. These value s reflect what we think or believe about our money and pecuniary affairs.They reflect how we value money and what it can buy or how it can enhance as an investment. Financial life values may or may not be related to what we actually know about money and finance. As with any deeply held values, we might intend activity to increase savings or strike debt, but choose instead to repay our self-esteem on â€Å"needs” make in the market place. Nearly everyone, heed slight of educational level or affluence, is come to with: 1. The sufficiency of their money. (Do I have abounding? ) (How long will my money withstand? . The appropriateness of their financial decisions. ( Is this the right excerpt for me? ) The answers to those questions have different meanings for different individuals found on their financial values. Individuals less concern about appropriateness of purchases are less likely to be prepared for financial emergencies. Those who think more about the sustain ability of their money generally have a fitter bank balance. And what is â€Å" exuberant” to one person can differ greatly from the enough of the person standing next to him or her.\r\n'

'Quarterly Performance Review Essay\r'

'Being a sell store we all come how of the essence(p) customer service is, alone many don’t come up the importance of good vendor gage as well. Vendors ar important and should be looked after. Since they provide us with our foundations to running our argument with providing us with the products and merchandise we sell. Elaine Bridgewater, our retail consanguinity manager, has been a great addition to our team. With her put through she is able to bring technical experience about the industry giving us a competitive advantage everyplace many other golf equipment stores. popular Elaine brings her boundless energy and she is always operate and motivated. Elaine’s engaging individualal vogue has built numerous new retail relationships for our company. However I do swallow some concerns regarding Elaine’s performance.\r\nSince she is the first person our retailers contact it is important to be observant to the retailers needs. Unfortunately we subscr ibe received complaints from different retailers that their calls are not returned the same day, hardly usually days later. If retailers email Elaine they have the appearance _or_ semblance to get lost in the email conversation since email message from Elaine could have been written clearer, making a unsophisticated email go back and frontwards numerous times due to confusion. furthermore weekly reports are not created with care, still seem as if they were thrown in concert quickly. Although these may not seem ilk critical issues, and they are all simplistic fixes, but are very polar to the survival of our business.\r\nWith some standardized guidelines and recital these are areas Elaine could easily improve on. The retail channel is a very important aspect to the survival of our company and so it is important that that channel is maintained at all times. To help make the changes easier we willing establish appropriate standards and guidelines for the retail division. al l(a) call and emails should be responded to within 24 hours of receiving it. We will also provide an start out of email response templates since most of the correspondences are routine.\r\n'

'Economic Activity as Reflected in Painting:\r'

'ECONOMIC occupation AS REFLECTED IN PAINTING: THE CONTRASTING VIEWS OF ECONOMISTS AND lovelysse HISTORIANS [1] Manuel Santos-Redondo Universidad Complutense de Madrid [las diferencias con respecto al Documento de Trabajo disponible en la Web estan subrayadas] 1. Introduction The currency spayr and his married wo cosmos is credibly the exposure intimately widely used to illustrate frugalal bodily function, and so it is (supposedly) substanti ally k instantly by economists, humankindagers, and accountants. The description obligate which places in the supply is the origin of creator AECA (Spanish Association of Ac counting and Business ecesis) logotype.\r\nIt is a Flemish create from the early 16th century. non so umpteen economists be, however, aw atomic number 18 that in that location are cardinal several(predicate) versions of this discover: unrivalled by Quentin Massys, multi-color dynamical 1514 (now in genus Paris, the tailfin), and a nonher by Ma rinus (Claeszon) cutting edge Reymerswaele, piebald in 1539 (now in Madrid, in the Prado). in that location are essenceful changes among the both versions. This organism the Scholastic period and in like manner the epoch of the currencyma big businessman(prenominal) revolution in europium, we would expect this picture to rush virtu totallyy sort of economic meaning, and for the changes in the pictures to forge these changes in economic use and economic mind.\r\nWe entrust argue in this publisher that there does go such a meaning; and that in any case the rattling(prenominal) historic changes between Massys’s and Reymerswaele’s pictures pass water a bun in the oven a lot to do with the economic changes in Europe in the beginning of the 16th century. Most inventionistic production historians grant conditionn in Massys and Reymerswaeles films a sarcastic and moralising symbolism, The M matchlessy Changer and his married woman world the bu reau of cupidity. Others conceive of that the picture shows economic activity in a respect adapted r oute.\r\nFlanders at that while was the totality of a prosperous industrial and mercantileised activity, and overly was the centre of a mercenary portion out in plant of wile. twain(prenominal) things led to a foundation of the cover key activity of bullionchangers, floridsmiths, and bankers in a flair that shows those activities as respectable works. The second weigh is the one implicitly look atd by economists when choosing this picture to illustrate approximately machinerys on economics or business. Some scholars need proposed to a gravider extent subtle variations.\r\nMarjorie Grice-Hutchinson, the historian of economic thought who st cunningle aroused the interest of economists in the Spanish Scholastics of â€Å"School of Salamanca”, con emplacementrs Massys characterisation to be an illustration of the de residenceing of Scholastics to accommodate compatible the commercial customs of the quantify with Church tenet on usury. According to her explanation, Massys photo would mean the money lender oeuvreing and, at the homogeneous time, discussing with his unite woman the fairness of a feature commercial deal, helped by the ghostly take his married woman is recitation.\r\nIt is important to nonice that, 25 days on, the confine in Reymerswaele’ moving-picture show is no longer a phantasmal work still an accounting book. yet dodge historians claim that there is still some symbolism in the flick which gives it a moralising and sarcastic intent. According to them, this symbolism was clear to contemporaries exactly non to us; or some propagation would have been determinationally difficult to bill for those contemporaries who were non in the same ghostly group as the puma or his client. For instance, the long, curved fingers of the bourgeois couple on allegedly represented avaritia.\r \n plainly Reymerswaele calico the fingers of candid dealonise Jerome in the same carriage , so it essential have an a nice intention and non a exemplary one. In the process of reviewing the different interpretations provided by art historians of this picture and different(a)(a)(a) similar ones, we shall watch over that they are consistent with the views that just just about art historians share about the frugality (as Hayek points out in his chapter of The ignominious conceit, 1988, â€Å"The Mysterious World of cover and Money”) kind of than base on any objective interpretation of the flick and history.\r\nThus, while the picture shows commercial and pecuniary activity to be a ruler, respectable occupation, most art historians see a moralizing and satiric intention. My view is that art historians’ prejudice towards commercial and fiscal activity leads them to a wrong interpretation of the creates. When the cougars cherished to be satirical and moralizing, they did it in a modal value that is all the way recognizable by us today. And that this is not the case with the The Moneychanger and his Wife, in either the version of Massys or that of Reymerswaele. 2. Quentin Massys allow us start with Quentin Massys,[2] The Moneychanger and his Wife, dated 1514. take to 1]. It is probably derided from a lost work by Jan new wave Eyck, c. 1440. [3] On the table are rigid coins, a set of scales, and versatile other tools of their trade. (â€Å" versatile other tokens of their wealth”, says the art historian Jean-Claude Frere, 1997, p. 186. This is our first difference in interpretation). The man is measure specious coins with salient consider. At that time, coins with the same face lever varied in the amount of funds they contained (and because in their real exchange value), because it was a normal practice to file them d testify, clip them, or to conjure them together in a bag in order to collect the g hones t-to-goodness dust they produced.\r\nSo, the moneychanger is only when going about his business, not counting his money as a miser would do. And, if you look at his face, it is not the face of a miser, still the face of a concentrating working man, care fullyy carrying out his job. His married woman is face at the coins and scales too; yet she has a book in her hands. The book is a spiritual one, an illustrated â€Å"book of hours”.\r\nMarjorie Grice-Hutchinson, the historian of economic thought who first brought economists fear to the Spanish Scholastics of the â€Å"School of Salamanca”, considers Massys word-painting an illustration of the intention of the Scholastics to make compatible the commercial practices of their time with the Churchs doctrine on usury. According to her interpretation, Massys painting portrays the money lender at work and, at the same time, discussing with his wife the fairness of a resolveicular commercial deal, helped by consultin g the religious book his wife is reading. [4] Many other interpretations of Massys’s work consider this picture as to be a oralizing one, in a much stronger sense than that of Grice-Hutchinsons view. The Encarta Encyclopedia says: â€Å"In The Moneychanger and his Wife, the subtly hinted negate between avarice and prayer represented in the couple illustrates a new satirical theatrical role in his paintings. â€Å"[5] (It is curious that the â€Å"Web Gallery of contri cutting edgece”, together with the Encarta article, provides this contradictory explanation: â€Å"The painting cadaver in the Flemish tradition of cutting edge Eyck, with the asset of a profane sense of beauty, sign of a new world”). [6] another(prenominal)(prenominal) scholar says this about Massys: â€Å"Painters overly began to treat new subjects.\r\nMen standardized Quentin Massys, for example, played an diligent role in the smart life of their cities and began to reflect the et hical concerns expressed by humanist thinkers with new paintings that used secular scenes to sum moralizing messages. Vivid tableaux warned against gambling, lust, and other vices. â€Å"[7] At the rump of the painting there is a circular mirror; we mint see the tiny figure of a man wearing a turban. [Figure 2] For some reason, the succeeding(a) is the explanation of the art historian Jean-Claude Frere: â€Å"a side window, under which we can just make out the tiny figure of a thief.\r\nHe would appear to be maculation on the couple as they count their gold, while they would seem to be unmindful(predicate) to his presence, blinded by their greed”. [8] Let us leave aside the greed and concentrate on the tiny man. Is he a thief? I dont know. moreover Im sure he is not â€Å"spying on the couple as they count their gold”: I am not an art historian, but it seems clear to me that the man is internal the room, he is reading a book and looking out of the window to the street. In think that this is not a passing(a) mistake: it is consistent with art historians’ interpretation. Symbolism, a spring of moralistic interpretation\r\nMy view is that art historians explanation of The Moneychanger and his Wife as a satirical work containing symbolic allusions hidden from contemporary observers, is merely a reflection of their own prejudices concerning certain economic activities. Let us consider the serious arguments supporting the symbolic explanations of paintings of the Flemish conversion, in order to be able to judge when a painting has this meaning and when has not. The noted art historian Erwin Panofsky held that the too soon Flemish painters had to reconcile the â€Å"new naturalism” with a thousand years of Christian tradition.\r\nBased on St. Tomas Aquinas, who thought that strong-arm objects were â€Å"corporeal metaphors for spiritual things”, Panofsky ( early Netherlandish Painting, 1953) primary(prenominal)tain s that â€Å"in early Flemish painting the method of disguised symbolism was use to each and every object, man do or natural”. [9] There are other historical sources that point to a symbolic meaning in the painting of Quentin Massys. In his painting characterization of a Merchant and his Partner,[10] [Figure 3] there is a understandably clean inscription, in French: â€Å"Lavaricieux nest jamais rempli dargent…\r\nNayez point souci des privilegedesses injustes, car elles ne vous profiteront en rien au jour de la trial et de la vengeance. Soyez donc sans avarice”. This is a paraphrase of the gospel truth of St Luke, ch. XII, 15, 21-34; holy man Matthew, ch. VI, 19-21. Jean Cailleux says that the main character in the painting â€Å"est soumis a la parole evangelique. Il est vraiment fidele dans les richesses injustes. Il ne cede pas a la sollicitacion du Tentateur qui, derriere lui, le visage tordu par lavarice et la soif du lucre, lui propose des comptes fantastiques”. 11] Painting and Economic natural process at Flanders We can expect the Flemish painters to be beaten(prenominal) with commercialise oriented economic activity and the money world, because of the society in which they lived. Flanders at that time was the affection of a flourishing industrial and commercial world, and overly was the center of a mercantile trade of works of art. Both things led to a mental representation of the professional activity of moneychangers, goldsmiths, and bankers in a way that shows those activities as respectable ones.\r\nMost Flemish artists were known with this world because of their own craft of painting, which was indeed market oriented. Massys was the most important of Antwerp painters of his time; and this means his fund was an example of how artistic production was organized in Antwerp, and formerly in Bruges. It is not at all odd that Flemish painters should portray business lot. Massys worked for religious confraterniti es, and also painted personations and other profane subjects, sometimes satirical, in response to commissions from humanists and scholars.\r\nFrere says that Massys was â€Å"perfectly attuned to the new mercantile conception of art. Antwerp was already established as an active and liberal center for trade in art” (1997, p. 186). Both Antwerp and Bruges had a set parliamentary law trunk for painters at the beginning of the ordinal century. It is important to chance upon not only the art of the painter, but also the evolution of the masters workshop. At the beginning of the Renaissance, preparedness in a craft took place in workshops regulated by civic authorities: apprenticeship was followed by inlet to a guild.\r\nBy the end of the century, â€Å"workshops had die much like shops nowadays, turning out goods for a flourishing private market accountable to no one. And change came without a defining moment and without artists missing a beat. Workshop assistants had certain preparatory tasks, including grinding pigments, displace grounds, and the transfer of under-drawings. Experienced assistants took on subsidiary passages, including cathode-ray oscilloscope or stock figures. Assistants also made copies to hold up pace with demand, and they had access to the masters designs once they set up for themselves.\r\nWorkshop copies ranged from straightforward replicas to transpositions into other media and from large commissions to private, pious images. â€Å"[12] The conventional depiction of a rich man But this familiarity of artists with a commercial society does not lead them automatically to portray business people in their trade, as â€Å"occupational portrayals”: the common way to portray a business man was in a way that showed him as a religious man, or as an intellectual in his manse, contact by works of art and literature.\r\nThe best cognize example is The Arnolfini Portrait by van Eyck, but there are many others. In the triptych The hold up Judgement, painted in 1480 by the Flemish painter, working in Bruges, Hans Memling, we can see the portraits of Tomaso Portinari and his wife, naked inside the scales; and those of Angiolo Tani and his wife, Catarina Tanagli, kneeling on the floor at prayer. [Figure 4] Both Portinari and Tani were important business men working in Bruges branch of the Medici company. In the Italian Renaissance, Lorenzo de Medici is depicted as one of the Magi in Gozzoli’s Journey of the Magi, 1459. 13] It was rather common to include the donors portrait in a religious scene. Tomaso Portinari and his wife, mare Baroncelli, were also directly portrayed by Memling, at prayer. [14] (The fact that Antwerp was a cursorily enriched city and lacked a traditional aristocracy, whitethorn well have been an important reason for the artist representing economic activity in the portraits of businessmen, instead of the traditional â€Å"rich and cultured” portrait). 3. Marinu s van Reymerswaele Let us now move on to the other version of the portrait and to a different year.\r\nMarinus van Reymerswaele[15] The Moneychanger and his Wife, [Figure 5] painted in 1539, is inspired by Massys. [16] This is the explanation of the painting provided by the Spanish Association of Accounting and Business Administration, AECA, which in 1979 chose as the symbol of the association a share this painting. [Figure 6] â€Å"The painting which has inspired our logotype is internationally famed as an image of financial activity during the Renaissance: it shows a scene typical of the counting house of a banker of the period.\r\nThe subject of the pair of moneychangers shows us a new profession which has appeared in the period, a profession related to the world of finance, taxes and commercial accounts. Reymerswaele adapts the subject of the banker and his wife from Massys’s painting now in the five in Paris. In Reymerswaele’s painting, the bourgeois married c ouple are seen counting out gold and silver coins, and the husband is weighing them with great care in a small set of scales, since most of them would be clipped or scraped. The coins are probably the product of tax- allurement, an exchange of foreign currency or the repaying of a loan.\r\nThis would imply the use of the abacus which the banker has at his remunerate on the table, and then the setting out of accounts in the accounts book which the wife is holding in her flaccid fine hands. â€Å"[17] Compare the explanation of this picture disposed by the AECA with the moralistic and over-sophisticated explanations of the art historians. The changes Between 1514 and 1539, many things have changed. In particular, the accelerated growth of the economy that stemmed from the discovery and colonization of the new-sprung(prenominal) World, and the religious transformation known as Lutheran Reformation.\r\nReymerswaele was himself problematical in the Lutheran Reformation. (We know t hat in 1567, existence an old man, he took part in the shift of Middelburg cathedral, and was severely punished (six years of banishment and commonplace humiliation). Reymerswaele specialized in everyday scenes of flourishing Flanders, with great realism, which gives his works a considerable archiveary interest. (Paintings by masters of due northern Renaissance realism oft preserve official contracts or acts. The attorneys Office, 1545, by Reymerswaele, [Figure 7] is a remarkable example of this practice.\r\nRecent research has demo that the documents, which form the earth of the painting, restore to an actual typesetters case begun in 1526 in the town of Reymerswaele on the North Sea). [18] His subjects were businessmen: usurers, notaries, tax gatherers; but what could be seen as â€Å"occupational portraits” are always stressed as moralizing: Another art historian says â€Å"usuriers, changeurs, avocats, notaires, percepteurs dimpots, monde apre et rapace de largent toujours convinced(p) puissant dans le metropole enrichie. … ] Lart de Marinus [Reymerswaele] presente une accentuation presque caricaturale, qui donne a louvre sa portee moralisante” (Philippot, 1994, p. 173). Puyvelde considers that, in the genre painting by Marinus van Reymerswaele, the realist portrait turns into a caricature of rapacious and greedy businessmen. In Reymerswaele The Moneychanger and his Wife, he says, â€Å"lesprit de lucre est plus nettement marque dans les physionomies et les doigts maigres” (Puyvelde, p. 13; we will turn to the fingers latter).\r\nThe study of the gold coins that appear in the painting shows that â€Å"the coins are mostly Italian and are all of types minted before 1520” (Puyvelde, p. 17). This could mean that the painting is a trial effort done by Reymerswaele, before his first clearly datable painting, nonpareil Jerome, of 1521. The importance of Puyveldes argument is not the exact date, which I cannot sc rap, but the fact that Puyvelde considers The Money changer and his Wife closer to a portrait than to a jeering, as ompared to later works by Marinus: later in his career, Reymerswaele would have abandoned portraiture and glum to satire and caricature (â€Å"pamphlet”, says Puyvelde). [19] The public appears to have had a preference for satire, and Marinus sought to satisfy the public with engaging humorous pictures which enjoyed great popularity among collectors of the period. Other paintings contain inscriptions which refer to the taxes charged on beer, wine or fish. In one of the copies or imitations of The Lawyers Office, titled The Notarys Study, the document the notary is reading has been deciphered: it appears to be a take-off of legal slang.\r\nEven the signature on the document in French reads â€Å"Notaire infame et faussaire”. [20] Usually museum guides reflect the views of art historians. Referring to Reymerswaele The Moneychanger and his Wife, a guide to the Prado says: â€Å"In this painting we incur all the characteristics of Northern European painters: minute detail, fine quality raw material, an empirical approach to reality, and preceding(prenominal) all, the naked sordidness with which Van Reymerswaele approaches one of the master(prenominal) evils of his time: usury, the greater of all possible sins in a commercial society such as Flanders.\r\nCorruption and fraud affected all levels of society, plain the clergy, producing a critical reaction on the part of writers, theologians and artists. â€Å"[21] Reymerswaele was not the only painter who developed Massys portraits; some(prenominal) other Flemish painters did. Again, there are significant differences in their style, differences which influence the overall â€Å"tone” of the picture either as â€Å"occupational portrait” or â€Å"caricature”. My point is that a common attestator pump of today can spot the difference.\r\nCorneille van der C apelle painted Le Percepteur dimpots et son Garant and Le Percepteur dimpots et sa Femme,[22] [Figure 8] in which we can notice a real, kind portrait of the businessmen, sooner far from any caricature. But, even accustomed the very different styles, I find no moral satire in Reymerswaele The Moneychanger and his Wife, as compared to his other works. In Reymerswaele version, the religious book has disappeared. This is an obvious change, since Marinus was a Protestant and wouldnt have accepted any other religious book for daily reading than the bible.\r\nBut there is no bible in Marinus painting. Instead, there is a hand-written book, with no illustrations, which seems to be an accounting book. The characters in Reymerswaele painting are most elegant, with luxurious clothes, and long, delicate fingers. This is also thought by some scholars to be satirical: â€Å"Long, curved fingers were, in XVI century, a sign of greed or avarice, so an apparently municipal subject can also be ful l of moral meaning”. [23] Long, curved fingers and noses use to represent Jews and, by extension, greed or avarice in Christian iconography. It may be important to notice that Jews played an important role in Antwerp’s economic activity. The money market was controlled by the Italian Lombards, and Jews could only act as minor money-lenders. The Jews change mainly small amounts of money for shorter periods of time to less(prenominal) wealthy people such as butchers and bakers. scarcity was an excellent situation for Jewish money-lenders. As a consequence, they had many clients among the common people who probably had great difficulties in paying them back. This fact may have reinforced the strong anti-Semitism prevalent at that time.\r\nThere were a massacre of Jews in Antwerp in 1350, and then many Spanish and Portuguese â€Å"marranos” came to go down there after 1492 and 1497, expelled from Spain and Portugal. [24] I haven’t fully explored yet the poss ibility of the satirical portraits existence racist or anti-Semitic). But the long fingers can imply other things: they can be an esthetic technique to make people appear more mystical, unmaterialistic, attractive. We could interpret thus the fingers of Reymerswaele’ Saint Jerome, in 1521. [Figure 9] And Saint Jerome transmits you the idea of ascetic sanctity, the antithesis of greed. Although, again, some scholar says that Reymerswaele painting of Saint Jerome is â€Å"stressing the crabbedness of scholarship”. Even if that is correct, it would not be the crabbedness of greed). To me, the long, curved fingers of the moneychanger and his beautiful wife imply simply elegance. This is my personal impression. If I then look at other paintings by Reymerswaele, for instance, the two valuate Gatherers (also The Misers), described by the same scholar as â€Å"exceedingly unattractive and covetous”, I dont need to be his contemporary to notice the satirical meaning. [25]\r\nAfter comparing their clever interpretations with what a spectator sees in these pictures, I would recommend that the meaning of a painting, as given by art historians, not be accepted uncritically: their judgments appear to be based upon certain prejudices, in this case concerning commercial and financial practices, rather than any objective depth psychology of the painting. 4. Other Flemish â€Å"occupational portraits” If you look at other paintings of the same school, it is easy to find examples of â€Å"good”, non critical or satirical, representation of moneychangers, goldsmiths, and bankers.\r\nAdriaen Isenbrant Man calculation Gold (c. 1518),[26] [Figure 10] is described in this way by Jean E. Wilson: â€Å"This sensitive portrait of a banker or, perhaps, a moneychanger reveals the sitters evident pride in his occupation. The portrait also serves as an example of the widening interest in portraiture, which had gradually extended to members of the bus iness sector” (Wilson 1998, p. 196). But another scholar points out that â€Å"the act of weighing coins may allude both to the mans profession and to his manifestation of higher values, comparable to Saint Michaels weighing of souls on Judgment Day”. [27]\r\nIn Hieronimous Boschs The Table of the lethal Sins,[28] 1480, [Figure 11] avarice is shown as a judge who is being bribed. This is completely different from the activity of the banker: what Bosch shows us is not a profit-seeking commercial practice which is therefore sinful, but an act of corruption which would be taken to be immoral equally in a commercially oriented society or in an ideal world described by Scholastic theologians. Another example of an â€Å"occupational portrait” is the Portrait of a Merchant [Figure 12] by Jean Gossaert (c. 1530),[29] thought to be a portrait of Jeronimus Sandelin, a real merchant from Zealand, in Flanders.\r\nThere is nothing satirical about it: it is a purely  "occupational portrait”. But the subject Gallery of blind instruct run away says this: â€Å"the sitters furtive glance and prim mouth are enough to inform us of the insecurity and fright that haunted bankers in the 1530s, when the prevailing moral carriage was summed up by the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who asked, â€Å"When did avarice reign more largely and less punished? â€Å"[30] St. Eloy (Eligius) in His Shop, 1449, by Petrus Christus,[31] [Figure 13] is the clear representation of a goldsmith working in his shop and go to two clients: a rich, well-born bridal couple.\r\nIt seems to be a representation of the goldsmiths trade, with the excuse of the portrait of a venerate (hardly a subtle ploy, since St. Eloy is the patron of goldsmiths guild). The goldsmith sits john a window sill extended to form a table, a pair of jewelers scales in one hand, a ring in the other. Only his halo suggests that the painting deals with legend. On the right is a display of example s of the goldsmiths craft. The picture may very well have been painted for a goldsmiths guild (the one in Antwerp). St. Eligius is the sponsor of metalworkers.\r\nAs a maker of reliquaries he has become one of the most popular saints of the Christian West. Eligius (also known as Eloy) was born around 590 near Limoges in France. He became an extremely skillful metalsmith and was appointed master of the mint under King Clothar of the Franks. Eligius developed a close friendship with the King and his reputation as an outstanding metalsmith became widespread. It is important to notice that most striking features in the life of St. Eligius can be seen both as indications of sanctity and the best professional characteristics of a good goldsmith.\r\nIn the goldsmiths trade, skills were as important as reliability, as Adam Smith notices in wealthiness of Nations: â€Å"The wages of goldsmiths and jewelers are every-where lord to those of many other workmen, not only of equal, but of m uch superior ingenuity; on account of the precious materials with they are intrusted”. [32] Eligius is praised for both qualities. From his biography, we can see how important this reliability of his goldsmith was, for the king to become Eligius protector: â€Å"The king gave Eligius a great weight of gold.\r\nEligius began the work instanter and from that which he had taken for a single gentleman of work, he was able to make two. Incredibly, he could do it all from the same weight for he had well-behaved the work commissioned from him without any fraud or mixture of siliquae, or any other fraudulence. Not claiming fragments bitten off by the file or apply the devouring flame of the furnace for an excuse. â€Å"[33] The portrait Saint Eligius by Petrus Christus is a fine example of the â€Å"occupational portrait”, describing a goldsmiths shop, the only religious connection being the halo and the fact than the saint is the patron of the guild.\r\nThe confessedly â€Å"moralizing” pictures of the Flemish School Look at the painting The Ill-Matched Lovers, c. 1520, [Figure 14] by Quentin Massys:[34] again you dont need to be a contemporary of his to notice the satirical intention. (It is important to notice that the theme of love between the old and the young was extremely popular in one-sixteenth century, and we can agree that both the popularity and the moral view has changed on this subject in modern times.\r\nThe meaning of the painting, however, hasnt changed at all, because the artist doesnt paint the old man with tenderness and love and mature elegance, but as undignified uncontrolled, despicable desire). There are other paintings by Marinus which shows a clearly satirical approach, or at least an hapless expression which does not imply pride in the profession: see The Lawyer’s Office, 1545, and The Misers [Figure 15] (also known, in different versions, as The Tax Gatherers or The tax gatherer and his guarantor).\r\nThi s one shows â€Å"two tax collectors, or rather a treasurer, or an administrator with his clerk, the collector with a twinkling grimace…. The treasurer enters in a book the sums received for the taxes… with his right hand counts and weighs the coins… â€Å"[35] Both of them look clearly satirical for a modern observer. 5. coating This paper has compared the rival interpretations provided by economists and art historians of the painting The Moneychanger and his Wife. The painting is seen as an â€Å"occupational portrait”, viewing a banker in his office, carefully weighing coins simply because this is one of most prominent features of his trade.\r\nIt is a clearly secular subject, much more so in Reymerwaeles version: the religious books in the womans hands has been turned into an accounting book. We could expect Flemish painters to be familiar with market oriented economic activity and the money world, because of the society in which they lived. Flander s at that time was the center of a flourishing industrial and commercial world, and also was the center of a mercantile trade in works of art. [36] Both things led to a representation of the professional activity of moneychangers, goldsmiths, and bankers in a way that shows those activities as respectable ones.\r\nIn the process of reviewing the different interpretations provided by art historians about this picture and other similar ones, we have seen that they are consistent with the views that art historians share about the economic activity, rather than based on any objective interpretation of the painting and history. Thus, while the picture shows commercial and financial activity to be a normal, respectable occupation, most art historians see a moralizing and satirical intention. This paper maintains that art historian’s prejudice towards commercial and financial activity leads them to a wrong interpretation of the paintings.\r\nLIST OF ILUSTRATIONS 1. The Moneychanger and his wife, by Quentin Matsys, 1503-1505. 2. The Last Judgement, by Hans Memling, 1480. Portrait of Angiolo Tani and his wife. 3. The Moneychanger and his wife, by Marinus van Reymerswaele, 1539. 4. Saint Jerome, by Marinus Reymerswaele. 5. logotype of the Spanish Association of Accounting and Business Administration (AECA). 6. Adriaen Isenbrant, Man Weighing Gold, fist half of the sixteenth century. 7. St. Eloy (Eligius) in His Shop, by Petrus Christus, 1449. 8. The Table of Deadly Sins, 1480, by Hieronimous Bosch. 9. Portrait of a Merchant, by Jean Gossaert, c. 1530. 10.\r\nThe Ill-Matched Lovers, by Quentin Mastsys. 11. The Misers, or The moneylenders, by Marinus van Reymerswaele, 1545. 12. Marinus van Reymerswaele, cardinal Tax-Gatherers, 15â€, theme Gallery, London. [Yamey, p. 52, Plate XVI] 13. Marinus van Reymerswaele, cardinal Tax-Collectors, 15â€, Alte Pinakotheck, Munich. [Yamey, p. 54, 29 XVI] 14. Map of Flanders and Antwerp. 15. The Lawyers Office, by Marinus van Reymerswaele, 1545. 16. Portrait of a Merchant and his Partner, by Quentin Metsys. 17. The taxgatherer and his Wife, by Corneille van de Capelle (Corneille de Lyon? ) BIBLIOGRAPHY Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn (et al. (1994), Les Primitifs flamands et leur temps (sous la direction de Brigitte Veronee-Verhaegen et Roger Van Schoute). Louvain-la-Neuve: La Renaissance du Livre. Benezit, E. (1976), Dectionaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs (nouvelle edition, entierement refondue, revue el corrigee sous la direction des heritiers de E. Benezit). Libraire Grund. Vol. 7. â€Å"Marinus Van Roejmerswaelen” Campbell, Lorne, et al. (1978) â€Å"Quentin Massys, Desiderius Erasmus, Pieter Gillis and doubting Thomas More”. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. CXX, n? 908, november, pp. 716-724.\r\nCassagnes, Sophie (2001), D’art et d’argent. Les artistes et leurs clients dans l’Europe du Nord (XIVe -XVe siecle), Rennes: Presse s Universitaires de Rennes. Frere, Jean-Claude (1997), Early Flemish Painting, Paris: Terrail. Friedlander, Max J. (1967) [1929] Early Netherlandish painting. Vol 1, The van Eycksâ€Petrus Christus, Brussels: La Connaissance, and Leyden: A. W. Sijthoff. Genaille, Robert (1967), Dictionnaire des peintres flamands et hollandais, Paris: Larousse. Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie (1993) â€Å"Santo Tomas de Aquino en la historia del pensamiento economico”, in Ensayos sobre el pensamiento economico en Espana. This essay, lectured to receive the Honoris Causa doctorate from Universidad Complutense de Madrid, is not in the English version of the same book). Hayek, Friedrich August (1988), The fatal conceit. The errors of socialism, London: Routledge. Chapter 6, â€Å"The Misterious World of Trade and Money”. Mackor, Adri: â€Å"Are Marinus Tax Collectors collecting taxes? ” bulletin du Musee National de Varsovie XXXVI (1995; n? 3-4) pp. 3-13. Mackor, Adri: â€Å"Marinus van Reymerswale: Painter, Lawyer and Iconoclast”, Oud Holland 109 (1995) pp. 191-200. Mund, Helene (1994), â€Å"La copie”, in Ainsworth (et al. ) (1994), pp. 125-141.\r\nPanofsky, Erwin (1971) [1953], Early Netherlandish painting: its origins and character (2 vols. ) London: Harper and Row. Panofsky, Erwin (1993) [1955], Meaning in the visual arts, Penguin. Philippot, Paul (1994), La peinture dans les anciens Pays-Bas. XV-XVIe siecles. Paris: Flammarion. Puyvelde, social lion van (1957), â€Å"Un Portrait de Marchand par Quentin Metsys et les Percepteurs dImpots par Marin van Reymerswale”, Revue Belgue dArcheologie et dHistoire de l artifice, vol. 26, pp. 3-23. Silver, Larry (1984), The paintings of Quinten Massys with catalogue raisonne, Oxford. Montclair, N. J. : Allanheld & Schram.\r\nSmith, Adam (1976) [1776], An Inquiry into the character and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Comps. R. Campbell, A. S. Skinner y W. B. Todd. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Van Houdt, Toon (1999), â€Å"The political economy of guile in Early Modern times: Some Humanist and Scholastic Approaches”, History of governmental Economy, 31(0), Supplement 1999 (Economic Engagements with Art, edited by Neil De Marchi and Craufurd D. W. Goodwin, London: Duke University Press), pages 303-31. Vanhoutte, Edward (1997), â€Å"In your seed all the nations of the Earth shall be blessed. immensity and unimportance of the Jews of Belgium from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment”,.\r\nGuest-lecture. Lancaster (UK): Lancaster University, 6 february. In . VVAA (1994), El Prado, Barcelona: Lunwerg. Wilson, Jean E. (1998), Painting in Bruges at the close of the Middle Ages. Studies in Society and optic Culture. Pennsylvania : University Press. Yamey, Basil S. (1989), Art and Accounting, New seaport and London: Yale University Press. ———————†[1] The author wants to thank conjuring trick Reeder for his reclaimab le comments. A previous version of this paper, with the title â€Å"The Moneychanger and his Wife: from Scholastics to Accounting”, is in Internet, [http://www. ucm. es/BUCM/cee/doc/00-23/0023. tm]. [2] Quentin Massys (1465/66 †1530), also Matsys, Metsys, Metsijs, Massijs. Famous Flemish painter, the founder of the Antwerp school, he was probably born in Leuven, Belgium. He was the main painter of his epoch. [3] Yamey (1989), pp. 24, 45. [4] Grice-Hutchinson (1993), pp. 203-205. [5] â€Å"Massys, Quentin” Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000, . In the same Encarta website, Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, says that Massys painted â€Å"a witty commentary on greed. The bankers wife pretends piety by leafing through a religious book, while stealing a glance at her husbands gold. [6] â€Å"Web Gallery of Art”, . The pages says that â€Å"the comments were compiled from various sources”. [7] National Gallery of Art (Washington D. C. , USA), 2000, â€Å"Antwerp in the Early 1500s”, . [8] Jean-Claude Frere, Early Flemish Painting (1997, pp. 187-188). [9] Wilson (1998), p. 191; quoted from Panofsky, Early Netherlandish painting, 1953, p. 142. â€Å"Every perceptible thing, man made or natural, becomes a symbol of that which is not perceptible”, says Panofsky (â€Å"abbot Suger of St-Denis”, 1946, in 1955, p. 161) following Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite. 10] Quentin Massys, Portrait of a merchant and his partner (Paris, collection M. Cailleux). [11] Puyvelde (1957, p. 5), quoting from Jean Cailleux, Les Richesses injustes, Reforme, Paris, n? 72, 3 aout 1946. In Antwerp, a tax-collector was obliged to have a surety or guarantor, who had the right to supervise the collection of money and its recording. The tax-collector is â€Å"shown as a respectable person, attach to by his guarantor, malicously rendered with a pronounced scowl”. Yamey (1989, p. 54), confronts this van Puyvelde’s interpretat ion with other art historians’ view. 12] â€Å"The Boys in the Back Room”, written by John Haber in the Website â€Å"Postmodernism and Art History: Gallery Reviews from around New York”. The informations refers to the exhibition â€Å"From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting”, at The metropolitan Museum of Art, January 1999. . [13] Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1497), Italian painter. salary increase of the Magi, 1460, Medici Riccardi Palace, Florence. [14] The Triptych The Last Judgement, now in Gdansk, Narodowe Museum, was painted by Memling (also Memlinc) in 1477. Angiolo Tani is painted in the outside of the wings.\r\nTani had been the indicate of the Bruges branch of Medici Bank from 1455 to 1465. Tomaso Portinari was his successor in the position. Memling, Tommaso Portinari, 1470, tempera and oil on wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Maria Maddalena Baroncelli (Mrs. Tomasso Portinari), 1470, tempera and oil on wood, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. For details, see Ainsworth et al. (1994), chapter â€Å"Hans Memlinc”, pp. 462-466. [15] Marinus (Claeszon) van Reymerswaele (also Roymerswaele) is a Flemish painter (c. 1495-1566). He received his first artistic training as an apprentice to an Antwerp glass painter named Simon van Daele in 1509.\r\nKnown as a painter of genre and satire, Reymerswaele was famous enough to have been mentioned by the Florentin historian Guicciardini and the art historian and painter Vasari. [16] Reymerswaele (or his workshop) made a lot of copies of this subject. Puyvelde (1957, p. 15) claims that the two paintings in the Prado and the one in the aggregation of the State of Babiera, signed in 1538 and 1539, are inspired by Massys The moneychanger and his wife. Puyvelde considers that most other copies are inspired by Massys Tax Gatherers. 17] â€Å"El cuadro inspirador del logotipo es conocido internacionalmente como una imagen de la actividad economica del Renacimien to, especialmente de la financiera, ya que en el se muestra una situacion caracteristica de lo que podria considerarse un banquero de la epoca. El tema de la pareja de cambistas pone de manifiesto el surgimiento de una nueva profesion renacentista relacionada con el mundo de las finanzas, de los impuestos y de las cuentas mercantiles. Marinus toma de Quintin Metsys el tema del banquero y su mujer, que se expone en el Louvre de Paris.\r\nEn el cuadro de Marinus, el matrimonio burges recuenta las monedas de oro y plata y el pesa en una pequena balanza, con gran delicadeza, aquellas, ya que la mayoria de las mismas eran raspadas o recortadas. Posiblemente provendrian de una recaudacion de impuestos, de una cambio de monedas o de la devolucion de un prestamo, lo que implicaria despues controlar o calcular la operacion con el abaco que tiene a su derecha sobre la table y a efectuar anotaciones en el libro de Contabilidad que ella tiene entre su bellas y delicadas manos”. From AEC As Website, 1999. 18] â€Å"Recent research has demonstrated that the documents, which form the background of the painting, refer to an actual lawsuit begun in 1526 in the town of Reymerswaele on the North Sea. The suit arose between ternion heirs of Anthonius Willem Bouwensz and Cornelius vander Maere, the latter having purchased a salt refinery from the heirs of Anthonius. Difficulties began when Cornelius vander Maere refused to make the initial payment and subsequently had his goods seized. The legal minutes lasted until 1538, by which time the property under dispute had probably been ubmerged or destroyed by storms. Ironically, the philander fees still had to be paid. ” New Orleans Museum of Art, schooling written by Joan G. Caldwell. [http://www. noma. org/MARINUS. HTM]. The Museum owns one of the many versions of the painting: â€Å"Several versions of this composition exist in Munich, Amsterdam, eau de cologne and Brussels. While the Museums version is apparently the last in the series, it is painted with the greatest detail, thus clearly telltale(a) the documents in the lawsuit”. [19] Puyvelde (1957), pp. 7-18; â€Å"le veritable portrait fait place a la caricature de lhomme de thing rapace” (Puyvelde, 1957, p. 13; also, p. 20). [20] Puyvelde (1957), p. 23. [21] â€Å"Es esta tabla encontramos todas las caracteristicas de los pintores nordicos: el detallismo, las calidades materiales que se aprecian a la perfeccion, la aproximacion empirica a la realidad, y sobre todo, la sordidez descarnada con la que Van Reymerswaele aborda uno de los principales males de su epoca: la usura, el mayor pecado posible dentro de una sociedad comerciante como era la flamenca.\r\nLa corrupcion y la estafa afectaban a las capas de la sociedad, llegando al clero y provocando la reaccion de escritores, teologos y artistas”. CD-ROM La Pintura en el Prado, 1996, Editorial Contrastes. [22] Corneille van der Capelle, Le Percepteur dimpots et sa Femme. Jadis Sigmaringen, Pince of Hohenzollern collection. [23] The illustrated book El Prado (Barcelona: Lunwerg, 1994), p. 389. [24] Vanhoutte (1997). [25] â€Å"Web Gallery of Art”, description of the painting The Tax Collectors, 1542 (Wood, 103,7 x one hundred twenty cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich), : â€Å"The Tax Collectors by Marinus Van Roymerswaele appears to be a deliberate caricature; the painters Calvinist background clearly comes through in his depicting the tax collectors greed with a fierse grimace and claw-like hands, whilst the administrator records the money in the ledger, maintaining his proper distance. Marinus van Reymerswaele was a painter of three themes, all more or less caricatural. He painted a number of straightforward S. Jeromes, all derived from Durers picture of 1521 (Lisbon) but stressing the crabbedness of scholarship.\r\nThe other two themes are interdependent: two exceedingly ugly and covetous Tax Gatherers and a Banker and his Wife (the bank er counting his profits). The Banker is closely related to Massyss picture of the same subject, and it may be that the Tax Gatherers derive from Massyss borrowings from the caricatures of Leonardo da Vinci. There are about thirty versions of the Tax Gatherers (the best is in London, National Gallery; another has the date 1552), and what nobody has so far explained is wherefore so many people should want to own a picture of tax collectors (and excessively ugly ones at that) gloating over their imposts.\r\nThere are also examples in the British Royal Collection and in Antwerp, Berlin, Ghent, Madrid, Munich and Vienna. ” The Website says on the Welcome page that â€Å"the comments were compiled from various sources”. [26] Adriaen Isenbrant (? ) Man Weighing Gold, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Friedsam Collection. Adriaen Isenbrant is also known as Hysebrant or Ysenbrant. He was active in Bruges, 1510 †1551. He was first mentioned in 1510 when he became a master in the Bruges painters and saddlemakers guild.\r\nHe was recorded as a stranger, but his native town was not mentioned. Between 1516/1517 and 1547/1548 he was listed numerous times as a vinder or minor offical of the guild and in 1526/1527 and 1537/1538 was a gouverneur or financial officer. Because of the uncertainty, some authorities prefer to use the name Isenbrandt in inverted commas or with or with question mark. perk the Website of the National Gallery of Art, Washington D. C. , [27] Bauman, G. , â€Å"Early Flemish Portraits 1425-1525”, M. M. A. Bull. XLIII, Spring 1986, pp. 46 f. On the contrary, Wehle, H. B. , and M. Salinger, M. M. A. , A catalogue of Early Flemish, Dutch and German Paintings, 1947, pp. 100 f. , â€Å" post the sitter as a banker or a money changer and consider the portrait to be purely secular, not a ‘donors likeness in a religious ensemble”. References provided by Sandra Fritz, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, key Catalog. [2 8] The Table of the Deadly Sins, 1480, by Hieronimous Bosch (c. 1450-1516). Oil on panel, 120 x 150 cm. Prado Museum.\r\nBosch is the name given to the Dutch painter Hieronimus van Aeken. [29] Jan Gossaert (c. 1478 †1532), Portrait of a Merchant, c. 1530. Oil on panel, . 636 x . 475 m Washington, National Gallery of Art, Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund. [30] National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, USA, Brief Guide, in . [31] Petrus Christus (fl. 1444-c. 1470), St. Eloy (Eligius) in His Shop, 1449, oil on panel, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. [32] Smith (1976), I. x. b. 18. [33] The carriage of St. Eligius, 588-660, paragraph 5.\r\nThe Life of Eligius, bishop and confessor, was written by Dado, bishop of Rouen (his friend and contemporary). Eligius lived from 588 to 660. The full text edition is in . [34] Quentin Massys, Ill-Matched Lovers, c. 1520/1525, oil on panel, 0432 x 0630 m. National Gallery of Art, Washington D. C. Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund. [35] Marinus Van Reymerswaele , The Misers, 1531. Oil on wood. Naples, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, . [36] â€Å"Bruges et surtout Anvers ont donc cree les premiers marches publics consacres a l’art en Occident”, Cassagness (2001), p. 264.\r\n'

'Changing Views on Homosexuality\r'

'If you live in a metropolitan city like Atlanta, as I do, you may notice that the joyous culture is sundry(a) in with the rest of the multi-cultural happenings of the city. Having a large ethitheral community is just an opposite unique deliver to Atlanta, GA. Although other cities may not deal as large a grouping, the gay community is ontogenesis across the reconciles. Men and women are determineing more open to express their homo informal lifestyle and this is in part due to the changing views of intimate doings and gayness. Homo stimulateual behavior is defined as sexual behavior with a member of one’s own sex (Sarason & Sarason, 2005).\r\nPrior to the 1970s, homophile(prenominal)ity was considered to be a diagnosable psychiatric perturbation and was listed in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). humanism was viewed almost as a disease that pot needed to be cured of. look revealed that homophile(prenominal) men and women di d not differ in mental adjustment from straightaway men and women (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). there has been the debate of whether a person is natural gay or if homoeroticism is a learned behavior.\r\nIn my look, I believe that a person is born gay and does not chose or learn this sexual behavior from others. I’ve witnessed a relative raise up and noticed behavior as kidskin that suggested he may be gay. As an adult, he informed the family that he is in fact gay. This came as a shock to no one and when asked when he knew he was gay, he stated that he knew all in all along. It is thought that if people no longer viewed crotchet as a behavior that people chose to have-to doe with in, that less emphasis would be placed on trying to â€Å"cure” quirk.\r\nDr. Glenn Wilson and Dr. Qazi Rahman, authors of the book Born Gay, state that there is no single gay gene, unless genes do contribute and consider the effect of sex hormones to which fetuses are exposed in the womb (Ahuja, 2005). Wilson and Rahman feel that sexual orientation is fixed at take in and that any evidence-based scientist would agree (Ahuja, 2005). With more people collar that sexual orientation is innate rather than learned, viewpoints on homosexuality are shifting.\r\nOur society is slowly go more judge and placing less of a disgrace on homosexual behavior. In the past there were no rights for gays wanting to marry, but now gays in Massachusetts can legally marry. In Vermont and other parts of the world, gay men and women now have the right to enter into legal partnerships that give them several(prenominal) of the same protections and responsibilities of marriage (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Past opinion polls have resulted in some Americans say that gays cannot be considered good role models for electric shaverren (Sarason & Sarason, 2005).\r\n some(prenominal) people have thought that a child’s sexual orientation could be unnatural if the child had gay or lesbian parents. Research on child adjustment in homosexual households provided results that did not differ from children raised by heterosexual parents (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Dr. Ellen C. Perrin feels that children raised by gay or lesbian couples do just as surface as children raised as by heterosexual couples. â€Å"In some ways children of same-sex parents actually may have advantages over other family structures”, says Perrin (Chang, 2005).\r\nStudies conducted on homosexual couples show that lesbian couples share household responsibilities equally and that children adjust better when there is an equal component of labor (Chang, 2005). Raising healthy, well-adjusted children and understanding that homosexuality is an innate behavior are just 2 examples of why attitudes towards homosexuality are changing. Although there is even so room for improvement in terms of accepting gay culture, strides are being made compared to forward attitudes. To me the m ost significant change is understanding that homosexuality is not a disorder, it represents a person’s sexual orientation.\r\nReferences\r\nhttp://www.webmd.com/mental-health/news/20051012/study-same-sex-parents-raise-well-adjusted-kids\r\n'

'A Rose for Emily vs the Lottery\r'

'Robert B rock candyel Brockel1 Dr. Robert Janusko English 2 19 February 201 Foreshadowing there atomic number 18 legion(predicate) ways that a reader can be prepared for the ending of a yarn, â€Å"The Lottery” and â€Å"A Rose for Emily” are two very grave short stories with a long suspense and a similar plot. The fibber’s stance in â€Å"A Rose for Emily” was first-person observer, which is defined as a star nature point of view in which the narrator was is not involved with the tarradiddle and the narrator’s stance in â€Å"The Lottery” was third-person unknown which is involves a narrator that does not enter whatsoever minds.Both stances conceal the endings and both the stories use imagery and portend to prepare the reader for the ending. â€Å"A Rose for Emily” contains more than direct clues but leaves you second guessing whether what is pass judgment really happens. â€Å"The Lottery” is better known for co ver the entire story till the ending. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery” is a very surprising story to say the least and gives an overview in the graduation exercise of a small American townsfolk of three 100 people that provoke an annual ritual called â€Å"the lottery. There are significant parts of the story that intimate the end of the story and leave the reader in a muddle until the end. First off, in the beginning of the story, the children of the town have just finished enlighten Brockel 2 for the summer on a pulchritudinous June day and they are running around aggregation stones to form into a pile. The anticipated ritual is performed to tick a good harvest even though they do not remember this. One character named Warner quotes an one-time(a) proverb, â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. Knowing how the story ends its hard to ensure that people in an old American town would sacrifice one for the belief that is would give them respectable fruitage for the months to come. This story would have a better crosstie with another part of the world where people pass in cannibalistic tribes; then it would be easier to forestall the ending. Shirley Jackson leaves her audience in the dark until the ending. Tessie’s late arrival at the lottery ritual instantly sets her apart from the crowd of town people, and the Mr.Summers makes a statement to her â€Å"Thought we were going to have to piss on without you” (Pg4p9). The town people have prospicience virtually Tessie’s fate. When Mr. Summers asks whether the Watson boy will lot for him and his mother, no reason is given why Mr. Watson wouldn’t draw as all the other husbands and fathers do, which suggests that Mr. Watson whitethorn have been last year’s victim. William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily” is a very dispirit story that opens with a brief first-person account of the funeral of Emily Grierson who is an old widow.He r father died when Emily was about thirty and she refused to accept that he was dead for three days. Mr. Grierson choked Emily’s hearty ability. After a life of having potential husbands spurned by her father, she spends time after his death with a newcomer, Homer Barron who is a northern laborer. Emily buys arsenic from a shop in town for no Brockel 3 possible reason, which gives her neighbors the idea that she is going to kill herself.Whether or not she is going to kill herself, the reader does not know but the fact that the narrator mentions the acerbate implies that someone is going to die. She then takes the life of the objet dart whom she refuses to allow to abandon her while the house is a symbol of a shield as she is the foreigner of the town and no one knows of the death until she passes away. Faulkner describes her ulterior in the story as someone bloated and sickish with steel hair. This signifies death is close by.Her death ignited a great deal of curiosity about her reclusive individuality. After she was buried, a group of local anesthetic citizens entered her house to see what remained of her life there. The door to her sleeping accommodation was locked kicking in the door they see what had been surreptitious for so long. Inside, among the possessions that were in Emily’s room were marriage ceremony material and the horribly decomposed corpse of Homer Barron on the bed. On the pillow beside him was the indentation of her head, and a single thread of Emilys grey hair.This could be foreshadowed by the slice of Homer Barron and the horrible odor that was in the air. We win a lot about the lottery, including the elements of the tradition that have survived or have been lost. We learn about the importee of the lottery and how important it is to the villagers, particularly Old reality Warner. We also read through the entire ritual, interview characters names and watching the men approach the disaster to take their slips. But Shirley Jackson never tells us what the lottery prize is until the moment the first rock is thrown at Tessie. A Rose for Emily” Is a very similar situation in the Brockel 4 sense that we learn about almost everything, how uneven the life of Emily Grierson is, the struggle she went through with losing her father, and the curiosity of the citizens from the town. The things we are not aware of are concealed indoors her house until they kick open her upstairs sleeping room door. Both narrators, with different points of view, prepare the audience for the story without giving away the ending.\r\n'

'Global disaster management Essay\r'

'Disaster management became global; financial resources unneurotic with the establishment of several associate and group organizations sprang up. circle media took up the root with each study and sm altogether fry misfortune reported universally. Disaster tradition were make and disseminated by the mass media. Until this global agenda was affirmed, environmental issues were still in their infancy and the physical body of explore or consulting organizations focused on disasters was exceptionally small.\r\nThe equal of disaster research units (mainly university-affiliated) and disaster management units in human race administrations only became noticeable in the guerilla half of the century in the late fifties. By the start of new millennium, the number of disaster-related organizations had grown exponentially. The U. S. political science alone has no fewer than twenty-six major agencies as well up as dozens of regional offices dealing with disasters. There are a however ni nety-five specialized units established for contradictory disaster situations.\r\nTo this can be added eighty U. S. domestic non-g everyplacemental organizations (NGOs). This number can be used as a rough suggestion of the same process occurring all by means of the Western world. The sharing of disaster-related global-based agencies likewise grew, comprising over ninety major public agencies with offices all through the world. This guide of the globalization of disaster management too supported the hold of public administration on the area of disasters.\r\nIt has also led to interagency divergences and problems of management, as well as protective imperatives, turf wars, and competition (Inter field decennary for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1996). What was evident at the national or state level-at which public administrations subjugated the rendering of disaster, who was capable to be a disaster victim, what assistant would be afforded, and so on-was now extensive at the global level by other forms of public administration in diverse guises.\r\nAs any(prenominal) critical reports have noted, the results have been at the resembling mediocre levels of disaster management (on a large scale), where in several cases such â€Å"assistance” was more unfavourable than supportive. The most observable of these have been cogitate with the droughts in Africa, where NGOs and international aid have in fact harmed more people than they have helped.\r\n'

'Research about Life\r'

'The trip was k outrightn in advance only to a few and not proclaimed to the public until the president had left capital of Iraq alarm space; he was accompanied by only a few select reporters and a small official entourage. The month ended with a spate of violence, much of it aimed at non-American foreigners. Seven Spanish intelligence officers died south of Baghdad Novo. 9 when their Subs were labializeed by rocket- propelled grenades and a rifle fire. Separate attacks the same solar day also killed 2 Japanese diplomats and a Colombian OLL worker, and 2 South Korean contractors were killed in mill around Novo. 30. For all of November, guerrillas killed 104 coalition troops, Including 79 Americans. When they came under attack In Samara, Novo. 30, U. S. Forces struck back, cleanup 54 Iraki fighters according to U. S. Military sources, although bodies were not recovered and Iraqi sources claimed umpteen fewer were 1 OFFS largely Islamic nation that supported the U.S. Invasion of Iraq. On Novo. 15, 2 Truck duds detonate outside 2 synagogues in Istanbul, killing 25 people and wounding more than than 250; most had been attending Sabbath prayers. On Novo. 20, Truck bombs exploded in Istanbul, at the British consulate and Turkish home of HASH bank, killing 30 and injuring 450; the British consul general, Roger Short, was among those killed. An anonymous caller attributed the bank attack to al-Qaeda and the Islamic Front of Raiders of the Great Orient, a Turkish aggroup that had also claimed responsibility for the synagogue bombings.A car bomb that exploded Novo. 8 in a residential compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, claimed 17 lives and hurt more than 120. * scrubbing Visits Britain- Pres. Bush arrived in capital of the United Kingdom Novo. 18 to begin a dry land trim down to Britain. The next day he was welcomed by power Elizabeth lat Backing palace; in a speech he urged Britain to stand with the U. S. In a long term effort to defeat terrorist act and bring democracy to Islamic nations of Middle East. Bushs movements were shrewdly restricted for security reasons; the usual procession sewer the streets was scrubbed, and he did not address Parliament.Ata meeting between Bush and Prime Min. Tony Blair Novo. 20, the 2 deplored terrorist attacks that day in Turkey. The same day a crowd of anti Bush protesters estimated by government at 100,000 to 110,000 marched by dint of London streets. President of Georgia Resigns †Pres. Eduardo Spearheaded resigned his office Novo. 23, after mass protest in Georgia. On Novo. 20, the fundamental Election Commission had certified that his supporters won the parliamentary election of Novo. 2, but international observers had reported instances of fraud, On Novo. 2, protestors had broken into Parliament, forcing Spearheaded, the last foreign minister of Soviet Union, to flee. His decade-long rule had been marked to ward the end by national economic collapse and charges of official corrupt ion. ecumenic U. S. Episcopal church consecrates Gay Bishop- The Rev. V. Gene Robinsons order Novo. 2 as bishop of New Hampshire, becoming the front openly gay prelatic The Episcopal Church U. S. A. The consecration went advancing despite exemplifications from Anglican primates in Africa, Asia, and Latin Americana it could ca wasting disease a schism in church.Rowan Williams, the archbishop of Canterbury, issued a statement Novo. 2 that recognized the right of the American branch to choose its bishops, but expressed distress that the concerns of origin(a) church leaders had not been devoted consideration. On Novo. 3, Anglican leaders in Africa declared that they were in State of â€Å"impaired communion” with the U. S. Episcopalian. earthly concern admits killing 48 women in” kB River” case- Gary Ridgeway, a resident of a Seattle â€Å"(WA) suburb pleaded discredited Novo. 5 to killing 48 young women, most of them prostitutes or runaways.Since the sass authorities had been seeking the so-called Green River Killer, who had strangled the women after having sex with them and left m whatever of their bodies near the river. Ridgeway confessed the crime in an agreement with prosecutors that spared him the demise penalty; no other serial murderer in U. S. History had been convicted of so many killings. On DCE. 8, Ridgeway was sentenced to 48 consecutive life terms. 2002 DC Sniper Convicted †A Virginia B distributively (VA) Jury Novo. 17 found throne Muhammad guilty in sniper attacks that plagued the Washington, DC, accomplice, Lee M take on, currently on trial separately.He was convicted of 2 counts of capital murder, one for committing ten-f venerable murders over 3 years and one for killing dean Meyers in Cot. 2002 to further a terrorist turning away aimed at extorting $10 mil. Muhammad was also found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder and illegal use of a firearm. Prosecutors relied on strong circumstantial evidence, in cluding a rifle mound in his car that ballistics tests showed had been used in 13 shootings. The Jury Novo. 24 recommended a death sentence, which was imposed by the think Mar. 9,2004. Michael capital of Mississippi Arrested for Child Abuse- law enforcement officials in Santa Barbara, CA, Novo. 9 issued an arrest warrant for singer Michael Jackson on multiple counts of child molestation. They say that the pop pencil lead would be charged with â€Å"lewd and lascivious cover” with a child under age 14. Allegations a decade earlier that he had molested a 13-year- old boy had been resolved out of court with a multimillion-dollar settlement. Jackson was booked at the Santa Barbara County Jail, Novo. 20, and released on $3 mil bail; he was formally charged DCE. 18. Jackson rejected the charge as unfounded. celestial latitude 2003 NATIONAL Bush Lifts Tarries on Steel Imports- Pres. George. W. Bush reversed one of his state policies DCE. When he up elevated tarries on sport i mported steel, effective DCE. 5. His governing had imposed the tarries in March 2002, and they were scheduled to be in effect for 3 years. However, the World sight Organization Novo. 10 had upheld an earlier ruling declaring the tariffs illegal, and the European Union and a number f countries had jeopardize to retaliate against them. South Dakota Congressman Resigns After Conviction- Rep. William Jackson (RED), a former governor of the state, was convicted DCE. 8 of 2nd-degree manslaughter and other charges, and announced he would resign from Congress in January.In August, Sandlots car had struck and killed a motorcyclist. gore Endorses Dean for democratic nominating speech †Former Vice Pres. AH Gore DCE. 9 endorsed Howard Dean for a Democratic presidential nomination. Gore, the partys presidential nominee in 2000, passed over another(prenominal) candidate, Seen . Joe Lieberman (CT), his 2000 running mate, and was redirected by some specially for having failed to suggest L ieberman of his decision before it was made public. In DCE. 9 speeches in New York and Iowa, Gore praised Dean for existence the only leading Democratic contender who had systematically opposed the Iraq war.The 9 Democrats seeking the nomination debated that day in Durham, NH. On DCE. 14, Lieberman remarked, â€Å"If Howard Dean had his way, tragicomic ibn Talal ibn Talal Hussein would be in power today, not in prison. ” On DCE. 15, Dean asserted,”The capture of Sad Hussein has not made America safer. ” On DCE. 23, consumer pleader Ralph Ender, the Green Party presidential nominee in 1996 and 2000, said e would not seek the partys nomination for 2004. Democrats elected in San Francisco, Houston- In a two-party election, businessman Gavin Newswomen, a Democrat, won a outpouring election for mayor of San Francisco DCE. , defeating Green Party atom Matt Gonzalez, 53% to 47%; this was the best demonstrate yet by a green in a U. S. Biscuit mayoral election. New swomen was to succeed upcoming Mayor Wily Democrat and a former U. S. Deputy energy writing table, won with 62% of the vote, defeating Cuban-born Ronald Sanchez, a Republican. Supreme Court Upholds Campaign Finance Law- A 5-4 major(ip)ity on the U. S. Supreme Court, DCE. 10, upheld the 2002 campaign-finance law as a constitutional approach to combating spending abuses in a political process.The 2002 Bipartisan Campaign repair Act had been challenged on first-amendment grounds by a number of desperate organizations; they objected to the ban on countless â€Å"soft money contributions to the political parties and to a ban on certain advertising Just prior to elections. atomic number 20 Governor Declares Fiscal Crisis- Gob. Arnold Schwarzenegger (R,CA) DCE. 18 declared that his state was in a fiscal crisis. This proclamation would allow him, he said, to cut pending by $1 50 mil without having to get the legislatures approval.Californians bond ratings had been trim down to near Ju nk-bond levels, and a state deficit of $15 bill was projected for 2004. Terror alert in U. S. Is Raised to ‘High- Tom Ridge, secretary of homeland security, announced DCE. 21 that the U. S. Antiterrorism alert status was being raised to â€Å"high” (orange) from â€Å"elevated” (yellow). Ridge said that the venture of a terrorist attack was â€Å"perhaps greater now than at any point since Swept. 11, 2001 . ” He cited all-encompassing new intelligence information that suggested plans to strike during the vacation season. On DCE. 24, Air France, responding Tao U.S. Request, canceled 6 flights between capital of France and Los Angles; U. S. Officials reportedly suspected that the passengers on the flights could have colligate to terrorism. On the same day the FBI circulated a warning to law enforcement organizations to be on the watch for almanacs, since they could be used by terrorist â€Å"to assist with target selection and pre-operational planning. ” Some media reports noted the warning humorously, since these general pen works, official the largest * selling is The World Almanac and hold up of Facts, are read by millions of people each year. On DCE. 9, the Department of Homeland Security announced a Rule requiring armed air pose on certain foreign carriers flights entering U. S airspace that intelligence suggested were at special risk of terrorist attack. When a British Airways plane landed at Dulles International Airport outside Washington, DC, DCE. 31, authorities held the passengers, interviewing some, and rescanned the luggage. U. S. Bans Use of Weight Reduction Pill- the Bush organisation DCE. 30 said it would prohibit use of Phaedra, a herbal stick on used by millions of Americans to lapse weight or to improve athletic performance.Tommy Thompson, secretary of Health and Human services, said the supplement â€Å"was to a fault risky to be used. ” Phaedra had been linked to heart attacks, stokes, and explosive deaths. In February 2003, Steve Bechtel, a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles, died after victorious Phaedra tablets, and a medical examiner said that the supplement was a factor in his death. Special Council to examine Leak of Agents Name- Tatty. Gene. John Ashcroft DCE. 30 removed himself from any role in the investigation into the leaking of a CIA progress to Tao journalist.At issue was whether anyone in the Bush administration had go against the awe by revealing the name of the agent, Valerie deuced, to columnist Robert Novak, who published her name in July. The Justice dept. utter DCE. 30 that a special council would head the investigation. Blame was the wife of Joseph Wilson, a former U. S. Ambassador who had publically cast doubt on an administration effrontery of nuclear for 3 years in a row, investors had much to cheer about DCE. 31, as major stock indexes showed large gains for 2003. The DOD Jones industries average has travel 25%to 10,453. 92.A broader measure, Standard and Poors 500-stock index, posted a 26%gain, moving up to 1. 92. The tech-Agave NASDAQ index advanced 50%, to 2003. 37. Averages were still below their all-time highs of the late sass, however.. Forces bang Back in Iraq- U. S. Forces continued the tactic of entree massive raids targeting insurgents resisting the occupation. On DCE. 2, 1,000 troops raided Hajji, west of Kirk, in an effort to capture an aide to former Pres. Sad Hussein. Ata meeting in Iraq DCE. 6 with U. S. Sec. OF Defense Donald ruthful, Lit. Gene. Richard Sanchez said that attacks on U. S. Ores were running below 20 a day, half the rate of a few weeks earlier. Remorseful Visits Afghanistan- Amid reports of a growing number of attacks on u. S forces in Afghanistan\r\n'

'Bureaucracy\r'

' whizz of the characteristics off eructation school/ plaque is specialization. distinctiveness is concentrating on a specific assign for casing; bursar as unrivalled of the school officers regulates finances of the school. fit to Weber as cited in Ho and rocket (1 991 ) â€Å" course of diligence and specialization means that the well-ordered activities required for the purposes of the bureaucratically governed structure ar distributed in a fixed way as authorized duties” (p: 104). This is to give voice, plump in schools is divided into different task and then e realone soak up his/her specific task.T to each one(prenominal)ers atomic number 18 specializing by teaching a specific subject for example, mathematics. Mathematics instructor secernate by teaching b bely Mathematics to all the grades in the school that is, puzzle out one, dickens and three. This is payoffous receivable to the fact that it makes ones chisel easier and to be of high quality sin ce he/she deals with a specific subject. Further more(prenominal), specialization goes top in hand with what is called segmentation of agitate. Light, Keller and Calhoun (1989) ground â€Å"in bureaucracies the defecate to be accomplished is broken down into clear-cut division of labor and people be teach to specialize in performing each task” (p: 219).This is division of labor which refers to dividing work into small and manageable tasks. thence since tasks in schools are too complex to be performed by a single individual, division of labor is crucial. Everyone in a school has a rate for example; there is a head teacher who is amenable for the running affairs of the school and teachers who are obligated for imparting knowledge to students or scarce instruction delivery. Division of labor among positions improves efficiency. Ho and missile (1991) postulate that division of labor produces specialization hence efficiency increases.And this is because specializati on helps employees to be knowledgeable and clever at performing their prescribed duties. So the authors bespeak â€Å"such(prenominal) division enables the physical composition to employ personnel on the basis of technical qualifications. Hence, division of labor and specialization produce more expertise in school personnel” (p: 105). This is to say that proles are sedulous for the type of work they have skills on. A nonher characteristic of bureaucratic school/organization is a power structure of offices.According to Ho and Missile (1991) offices are arranged hierarchically; ACH lower office is under the control and management of a higher one. In agreement YMMV. guestèles. Com redes that the structure of a bureaucratism is called a power structure because it includes a series of levels from the most menial worker in the organization to the highest executive. Each level has clearly defined authority and responsibilities. Therefore, this makes work to be easier a nd more manageable since everyone knows his/her responsibility in the school/organization. Light, et al. (1989) state that when an organizations operation is divided into smaller, more manageable tasks; the arioso activities essential be put together. Thus, the solution is to organize workers into a hierarchy with each person being responsible to the person directly above in the range of a function of command. This means that everyone exit have a supervisor. For example, elder teachers sack up supervisor teachers to assess the efficiency of their work in the classroom. Moreover, a hierarchy of offices helps in care order within the organization since everyone understands his place very well and what is expected of him/her.According to utter(a) (1989) â€Å"all employees in the organization must know who their boss is and each errors should always respect their chain of command” (p: 594). To fight back this, employees should respect those in authority or their superviso rs by doing what they expect them to do. They should also follow a bloodline of communion within the organization. The author also postulates â€Å"in this way the people at the top can be sure that directives arrive where they are meant to go and know where responsibility lie” (p: 594).Therefore, a hierarchy of offices is very important characteristic of a bureaucratic school/ organization as it allows workers to focus on their responsibilities since it Leary define them. It also encourages carefulness among workers as it is easier to spectre who is not doing his/her work properly. Www. Baccalaureates. Com/excerpts suggests that a formal hierarchy is the basis of central inventning and centralized closing making of a bureaucratic school/organization.This is imputable(p) to the fact that these offices are for the people who are responsible for the operation of the school/ organization hence; they plan and make ratiocinations together on how best to do that. austere (1 989) postulates ‘to catch order in decision making, business is inducted primarily through written rules, records and communication” (p: 593). This is to say, planning and decision making is central to a hierarchy of offices within the school/organization due to the fact that it is where written rules, records and communication are found.Rules and regulations are one of the characteristics of bureaucratic school/organization. In whatever organization rules and regulations are very vital because they construe that there is order. Weber as cited in Stark (1989) â€Å"stressed that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with careful developed rules and principles that can e learned and applied… ” (P: 595). To digest this, a bureaucratic school should have rules that guide employees behavior since they are applied equally to everyone of them. They cannot be broken due to the fact that by doing so punishment ordain follow.Therefore, rules and r egulations are important in a bureaucratic school since they bear on self-discipline and self- control among workers. This give help the organization to run smoothly and efficiently since workers need not to be followed to do their work as they are guided by the rules and regulations. Rules and regulations adduce control thin the organization as correspond to Ho and Missile (1991) â€Å"… By taking advantage of the screening functions of bureaucratic rules, administrators can gain and avow some control over organizational activities.They stay that general and impersonal rules lead be full because they offer direction without creating status distinctions. Control is the us maintained by using bureaucratic rules… ” (P: 109-110). Moreover, to ensure that rules and regulations are the characteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization; Bernard, burgher and Kirby (2004) suggest that a bureaucratic school/organization should have a body of rules that governs it. For example, employees usually have a code of conduct. According to Fragrant (1980) a code of conduct is a set of rules for pro conduct since teachers are professionals.These rules are divided into two; a freight to the students and to the profession. A commitment to the students are rules which outline what the teacher should do and not to do to students for example, the teacher disclosing information about students without their permission. And a commitment to the profession are rules which outline hat they golf-club expects from the teacher for example, the teacher should not dress in an unprofessional manner. Ho and Missile (1991 ) state that rules and regulations provide continuity of operation and help to coordinate activities.This is because employees are guided by rules on what they should do and not to therefore, rules and regulations in a bureaucratic school promote cooperation within the organization since employees work well with each other. Lastly, one of the ch aracteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization includes rewards establish on merit. According to Light, et al. (1989) â€Å"positions in a bureaucracy are awarded on the basis Of technical qualifications (as heedful by tests, educational degrees and diplomas and other standardized yardsticks) not on the basis of who one knows” (p: 220).This is to say that cables and publicity in a bureaucratically school/ organization are obtained through qualifications. For example in Botswana, for one to be a secondary school teacher should have at least a present of Diploma in Secondary Education not just passed form five and then be employed as teacher. Employees should be employed for the job they qualify or so that work cannot be difficult for them since they will be doing what they are trained for. This will in turn, helps the school/organization to be effective and efficient.Furthermore, rewards based on merit will allow us providers to give packagings to the ones who are fli p for those positions. This is to say they will not give promotion on the basis of favoritism like to their relatives and friends. Stark (1989) states â€Å"to ensure expert management, appointment and promotion are based on merit rather than favoritism and those appointed treat their positions as full-time, primary arrears” (p: 593). To support this, people are rewarded because of the efforts they put in their work.So thats wherefore in schools teachers can be promoted and given positions such as, from being a subject teacher to a subject coordinator. Nevertheless, giving jobs and promotions to people because one knows them, will make the school/organization to suffer since they do not qualify for those works. Ho and Missile (1991) suggest â€Å"promotion is dependent on the judgment of superiors” (p: 105). This is to say that promotion is made by supervisors but heretofore though, it is upon them they should do it fairly.\r\n'