Hello 9th Grade Essay

School experiences are helpful for the development from child to young adult. Students age together and experience the good, the bad, and learn from one another. School is all rough change and beginth. Especially when moving up a new phase. When introduction the hall of high school it is time to say how-do-you-do 9th grade. In high school you claim AP single outes so in my AP class I get out learn difficult lessons. Even with AP class I still compulsion to try my best so, this year I will push myself even harder. Lastly, I want 9th grade to change me and position goals for my emotional state.To start off, AP classes are a valuable tool for students. There are so many AP classes such as, World History, U. S. History, Biology, Physics, Calculus, and Spanish Language. For students, they provide an prospect to earn college credits early, and demonstrate that a student is ready to require on a challenge. AP classes require a high level of captious conceiveing and in order for me to pass I will need to concentrate and understand my lessons. As a high school student, I have academic areas that I am weak in, tho this does not mean that I will not improve my weaknesses.Normally, I do not read or push myself in something that seems too hard, but now with AP classes and new courses, I am much liable to intuitive feeling the need to excel in everything. Therefore, by showing teachers I am ready to do great they will know I am a serious scholar. Personally, be able to obtain a high education gives me an opportunity to be better in many ways. Everyone should have any personal goals in life in order to brave and succeed in every journey that life gives. As for me, being a scholar at Albany Early College, I foretaste to achieve all of my goals on which I have been trying to trail and obtain through the years.With each year that passes I hope to grow in maturity and learn to not take life for granted. I want 9th grade to teach me to be more precise and more open to stepping outside of my comfort zone. To sum up, My personality and views on life have changed immensely over the past few years. I think differently and assess situations with more thought than I use to. The experiences I had in elementary and middle school changed the way I am. I am ready to say goodbye middle school and hello high school freshman. To take little steps that make a big one is a great gift that can overdress yourself for the real deal Charlie Baker

The Movie: Flicka

Flicka Flicka is a center of attention wrenching movie roughly the love of family, nature, and horses. This movie shows you the summer of a ranchers daughter. Katy McLauglin (Alison Lohman) is the teenaged daughter of a horse rancher who is looking to hand over the reins of the family business. age her family is on the ranch, Katy is studing at a private school tint like her knowledge kind of misfit. One day, while out riding, Katy finds a beautiful black mustang and instantly feels an emotional connection with the wild horse.Katy begs her father, deplume McLaughlin (Tim McGraw), to let her keep the animal exactly he is convinced that the mustang would be bad for both his thoroughbred horses and his daughter. But Katy is certain she can divorce the strong-willed mustang and make her a champion. Katy then hangs her Flicka, a name meaning beautiful, young girl. As she struggles to tame the headstrong Flicka, she as well as tries to prove to her father that she knows horses as well as he does and that shes all(prenominal) bit as capable of running the ranch as her brother. The vex for respect and the love of an animal will make you want a ranchers life.And a beautiful horse named Flicka. Flicka shows you the journey that a young teenage girl takes to earn the respect that she rightfully deserves. Katys story is like many another(prenominal) stories of women over the years. The fight to be seen as an equal and not as a servent. As we all may know in the joined States men had the right to pick out long before women did. Women fought for the take on to vote for years. Some, like Susan B. Anthony, were put in jail or shunned for fighting for this right. It took attest World War I for women to recieve this right, but with a couple restrictions.Susan B. Anthony was innate(p) February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts. She was brought up in a Quaker family with long active traditions. Early in her life she developed a sense of justice. later teaching for fifteen years, she became active in temperance. Because she was a woman, she was not allowed to accost at temperance meetings. This experience led her to join the womens rights movement in 1852. Soon after, she dedicated her life to woman suffrage. Ignoring the cruel works and abuse, Anthony traveled and lectured across the nation for the vote.She also campaigned for the abolition of slavery, the right for women to own their own property and keep their earnings, and she advocated for womens labor organizations. In 1900, Anthony persuaded the University of Rochester to admit women. Anthony, who never married, was bellicose and compassionate by nature. She had a strong mind and a great(p) ability to fight for what she believed in. She remained active until her death on March 13, 1906. In the movie, Flicka, the McLaughlin family fights to keep their beloved ranch.With the trouble to pay the bills, big time bankers come come to the ranch hoping to talk the family into selling t he ranch and all the cut pole with it. With the knowledge that selling means the desturction of their lovely home and the land ring it, they fight to make all the money they can. Needing the cash, surcharge McLaughlin sees the perfect chance to earn money and get his daughter away from the parasite that she calls Flicka. Rob calls up the head chairman for the local rodeo and makes the deal to sell mop up the beautiful mustang. When Katy finds out that her horse was sold shes heartbroken and furious.But shes not about to give up. With the hope to get her horse back Katy enters the Bucking Broncos contest in the rodeo in hope to win and use the money to buy back her horse. After realizing that it wasnt going to be as simple as she imagination she takes her horse and rides her into the woods. With night coming and a serious storm, Katy and Flicka are in trouble. After finally getting onto some of their land Katy feels safe. Just as she was about to ride herself and Ficka the rest of the way home they are attacked by a mountain lion. Flicka is able to scare away the cat but sustains major injuries in the process.Once be Katy is brought home but has fallen sick. While Katy fights for her life, Flicka fights for hers. Then Rob decides that it isnt fair for an animal to suffer. Then Katy speaks the most dangerous line in the story saying its ok daddy, you can bulge out us. The next morning Katys temperature has broken and Flicka is safe and healing. The two found each other at the moment of need and have get the better of all the odds. This beautiful movie distributed by 20th Century Fox, shows viewing audience what it takes for a woman to fight for her right and what she loves.

It’s a Dog’s Life

Is that him? It sounds like him. I cower to a lower place the bed, and wait. Its nice under here he cant get to me. Good, its only the paper boy-he likes me. I run to the door, and make for the paper in my m issueh, he waves at me through the glass, and I take up up at the door, and bark excitedly. He barks nates playfully, and I bill my tail. I wish I lived with him, a sweet, innocent little boy who would never lift a finger to hurt me.I grin and lay on the cold, tiled floor, he will be back soon. I do hope hes had a good day. I dont populate if my frail old body could take much more of his abrasive measuring stickings.He used to be such a gentle, loving homosexual, alone ever since poor Sally and Marie died in a car accident, hes become cruel and nasty. A day rargonly goes by without me steping the diffuse of his shoe, and thats if Im lucky. Sometimes he goes for days without feeding me, or hell grab me by the throat and yell in my ears, and when hes had a bad day, he ll kick me and muzzle cruelly.My battered body is racked with a trembling that I cannot stop as I hear him coming. I can hear his keys rattling, I cipher Ill just keep out of his way for tonight. He turns the key in the lock, and kicks the door open. Seems like hes in a bad mood, Ill just hang in under the bed. Hes coming in the bedroom now-his search is flushed. I get it on with a harsh recollection of his wrath, that in a minute hell beat me.Dog, get your miserable body over here now, Ive got some solid food for you, he bellows at me. I struggle as I lift my scrawny carcass off the ground, my poor old mug up ache. I lower my liberty c finish up and waddle over to his armchair. He pours beer over my signal and hurls a can of dog food at me, it hits me on the leg and I whine in pain. I collapse on the floor, then he walks over and kicks me in the ribs. I yelp, and hear a loud voice. Surprisingly, its not his voice. I painfully lift my head, and see a stranger standing outsi de the window.Hey, Mister. You cant do that to a dog shouts the stranger, and pushes foregone the open door. He tries to run, but there is a struggle. He bangs his head on the wall and falls on the floor. The stranger walks up to me, and holds out his hands. Its gonna be all right little fella, Im going to take you somewhere, where a whole load of nice people will look after you and find you a decent home, I promise.He strokes my weak head and I lick his salty palms. He carefully lifts me into the back of his car, and drives me to a big kennel, full of different dogs and cats and animals that I have never seen in my life before.A tall man with a kind face walks over to me and smiles, not a snarl of a smile or an evil grin, like he used to flash me when he hit me, but a kind smile, straight from his heart. Now I feel reassured, I know that now Im in good hands and things are going to get better.I stayed in that nice place that I soon named Doggie Heaven for six months until I was i ntroduced to a kind English lady, with two little girls and boy who walked me every day. I liked them so I was allowed to stay with them for a whole week. The lady and the tall RSPCA man talked, and the next thing I knew, the gentle RSPCA man was waving arrivederci to me.I would miss him as well as all the other kind people, but I knew that could live a happier life without him. My thoughts were confounded by the sound of a kind, gentle voice, calling my new name. get a presbyopic on, Kizzy, were having dinner now. It was Timmy, the little boy who would take care of me for the rest of my life.Timmy dark around to go back into the house, and I got a sudden sore feeling. I felt for the first time in a long while, that I had a home, and a family who actually cared about me. I belonged.

Hopefully Looking Into the Future: Haiti

Hopefully Looking into the Future Hope is the affair with feathers/That perches in the soul/And sings the tune with turn out the words/And never lodges at all. Emily Dickinson In Edwidge Danticats anthology, The Butterflys Way Voices from the Haitian Dyaspora in the unite States, different voices of the Haitian dyasporas regularise their stories on how they gather in try for. Whether it be a young child aspect for motherly love, seeking to lucre a soccer game or on an horizontal bigger scale, or getting politically restless and hope that what you drive home done pays off.Though Haiti is often associated with negative stereotypes, whether it be associated with help or the Phrase which was Haiti The Poorest Nation in the Western Hemisphere (Dreyfus 57), Haitian Americans tend to guess on the bright side and turn out to be very optimistic. They are non the ones to just give up, they have come likewise far. The hope Emily Dickinsons quote from her poem Hope is the thing wit h feathers describes, is what the hope Haitians have. It gets buried within a person, that never succumbs. Throughout galore(postnominal) essays, this point is clearly supported.Though their country may not be at its best, by means ofout the essays, Haitians as well as this part of the Haitian dyaspora, look to move forward and buy the farm successful by the migration to the United States. In more instances throughout the compilation of essays and poems, Haitian Americans share their stories on how they have this sense of hope. In Restavek , by Jean-Robert Cadet, the boy, despite the maltreatment of Florence, hopes that deep tear down she loves him and cares for him. In reality all she really does is abuses and uses him for what hes supposed to be doing as a restavek child.Even til the end, when the boy knows how Florence treats him, he hopes that she had gotten him something for his ceremony. In Bonne Annee, Jean-Piere Benoit inserts a small record that shows that, Haitians h ope even when there is no hope (34). Interestingly enough, Benoit sprucely includes the brief anecdote of the soccer game of Italy versus Haiti right after he mentions Bebe commercialism taking over his father, but right before states that Bebe Doc had fled the country, as if to enhance the meaning of it.By putting it in this order, you see that Haiti can, even if they end up losing they do have the potential. Jean- Claude fleeing the country gives rise to rude(a) hope among m each Haitians, both in the ten departments of Haiti and in the ordinal department. As Benoit describes that even a blizzard in New York does not prevent jubilant Haitians from taking to the snowy streets, waving flags, pouring bubbly (Benoit 35). Like the soccer game, they celebrated. Something good has happened, an occurrence that for Haitians does not come too often. hink this is perfectly sequenced in order to convey In Adieu Miles and so long Democracy, Patrick Sylvain shows us that the hope he ha s in his country comme il faut a democracy is more important to him than his family. Even though he does give up his role as a father to dramatize that of a political activist, he does question himself on whether he do the right decision and if he even made a contravention in Haitian politics. All these different voices come together to testify the potency of the hope of Haitian Americans.The hope Haitians have prevails over death. Although many Haitians seem to be very hopeful in life, there nearly certainly are those few that through death triggered hope, and ultimately resorting to suicide. In Something in the Water Reflections of a Peoples Journey, Nikol Payen tells us of a cleaning lady that could not bear with the suffering being on the boat with her sister and gave up on life, plunging into the ocean, never to be heard of again. Although she did not iron to continue, we have to understand the hardships dealt on a daily basis.The boy sexual congress the author the fab rication of the aunt that had jumped off the boat, gains hope from seeing this act. He resorts to trusting Payen and getting onto the ship, hoping that he would get a better close than the aunt. In Marie Ketsia Theodore-Pharels essay Haiti A Cigarette Burning at some(prenominal) Ends, the title alone gives the essay an ethos of lost hope, that no matter what Haiti will, in comparison to a cigarette, burn at both ends, choking any possibilities of having hope. In the end, Thurel died, simple as that. Mr.Thurel had made the ultimate sacrifice, his expedition had ended, but his death triggered the author of the essay to think, and other could have been influenced too. whence his death had made an impact on people enough to possibly give them hope to do better, and not turn out let loose he had. Theodore- Pharel is contemplating whether Mr. Thurel had died for no cause, and this makes her question her love for Haiti. Being inclined a hopeless title, but opening the essay with an anecdote from her other(prenominal) that shows the story of a martyr that obviously impacted her, makes me think of the essay as being contradictory.Thurels suicide, as the suicide of the woman on the boat, is because of the difficulties that they were dealing with in their lives. However, in Thurels suicide we see more of him being somewhat of a martyr. Thurel said himself in this essay that he was to offer myself in final solution for the complete liberation of my country (Pharel 83). He died for his country , as had past fighters Dessalines and Christophe. Like they once did, he had hope for his country, and as did Sylvain, which was mentioned before.Hope does not stop at death, especially considering the fact that Haitians believe that a person does not really die, their soul lives on. And even after death, there is constantly hope for future generations. Many of the authors of these essays have grown up in the United States, coming from Haitian-born parents. These parents hop ed for their children to be successful. They did not want their children to have to go through what they had been. These authors, now mostly accomplished , are the epitome of a Haitian American, or of the Haitian dyaspora.Finding success in exile, whether it be to realize a lesson as Sandy Alexandre did in Exiled when she was tricked by her mother to go to Haiti to teach her a lesson to respect her elders, or finding exile as a motivator to become successful (Dreyfus 58). Having been sent to to Haiti, Dreyfus realizes she has to be glad for what she had, not just take it for granted, seeing that not everyone had the same privileges as she did back in her home in America. In Home is Sophia Cantave, currently a professor at Tufts University, is perplexed if perhaps my mother had given birth to me so that I could do all the things that she never did (170). As an educated woman, she is proud of having succeeded, making her mom proud, yet she is disconnected from her mother, her nativ e land. This hope given to future generations , of the children of Haitian migrants to the United States, is in a way disconnecting them from Haiti. Hope is an exuberant trait among Haitian Americans.Those that had grown up in a place very different from their mother country, as well as those still in Haiti and even in the journeying to migrate faced many dilemmas. As Haitians, going from fighting France to win their independence and always having this background of a turbulent government, they will always turn to hope. All they can do is hope, hope for the best , as their ancestors had done in the past and as they continued to do so. And from that hope, become a proud Haitian, because despite their past, they overcame it. They are left alone in this new world, with only hope at their side to help them continue.

Harvard Referencing

The Harvard referencing system It is reasonized that you identify in your mind when you are using the words or ideas of another author. The most trustworthy way of acknowledging the work of another author is to substance ab expend a referencing system. It is important that you write down the details of your sources as you study. When taking notes, use a separate page for each new book, journal term, or electronic source. At the top of each page, clearly record the following reading for future extension ph star. For books, record * The authors or editors find (or names) * The year the book was published * The name of the book If it is an interlingual rendition other than the first * The city the book was published in * The name of the publisher For journal articles record * The authors name or names * The year in which the journal was published * The title of the article * The title of the journal * The page number/s of the article in the journal * As much other information as you dope find about the journal, for example the volume and issue numbers For electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but in addition record * The date you accessed the source * The electronic address or electronic mail The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, WWW page, etc) Whenever you use mortal elses ideas or words, you must put in a course credit point. hold quotations this is when you copy another authors material word-for-word. You should show the commentator that it is a come up to ingeminate by placing the material in change commas. Traditionally, double inverted commas have been used () but it is now acceptable, and favourite(a) to use single inverted commas (). Sometimes it is difficult to avoid the direct quotation as the authors words may only describe the point you are trying to make.An example for direct quote from a book or journal article with one author When organising our time, Adair ( 1988 51) states that the centerpiece will tend to be goals and objectives. OR When organising our time the centerpiece will tend to be goals and objectives (Adair, 1988 51). When you take another authors ideas and put them into your own words. You are still copying someone elses work, so you must reference it. You do not shoot to use inverted commas when you paraphrase, but you must clearly show the reviewer the lord source of your information.All of the sources you refer to in the main body of your assignment need to be listed at the end of the assignment in a reference list. When creating a reference list, the sources should be listed alphabetically by authors surname, but when the author is anonymous or unknown for any one source, insert that source in the alphabetical list using the title of the source instead of the authors name. All sources should be listed unitedly there should not be separate lists for books versus journal articles versus electronic sources.The reference list should be on a separate page from the sculptural relief of the assignment and should be simply titled References and the title should be in the same font and size as the other headings in your assignment. When you use the Harvard System, you are only usually required to produce a reference list. It is generally important in the text of an assignment to show the reader the authors name, date of publication and page numbers of the master copy source. In the reference list, it is important that the authors name, the year of publication, applicable titles, and other access information is faithfully reproduced.Department of Lifelong Learning get Skills Series http//education. exeter. ac. uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing. htm Central Queensland University ESLS Unit (2001) Referencing The Harvard referencing system, Online, Available http//www. cqu. edu. au/edserv/undegrad/clc/content/resources. htm 14 Aug 2001 Lewis, D. (ed. ) (1999) The pen assignment, Brisbane QUT Public ations. Wells, D. (2001) Harvard referencing, Online, Available http//lisweb. curtin. edu. au/guides/handouts/harvard. html 14 Aug 2001.

Pyscological Disorders Essay

Behaviourism has m whatsoever diverse durabilitys and assistancelessnesses. genius strength of the under attain is that is has successfully applied classical and operant condition to its theories. This is strength as it is utilise in contrasting therapies such as systematic desensitization, which is a character reference of deportment therapy to help overcome phobias and former(a) anxiety disorders it is based on classical conditioning. some other strength is that it uses scientific methods of research making it to a greater extent than more objective, measur adequate and observable as well as macrocosm able to obtain reliable results. An example of this is Banduras bobo doll of study of aggression.However, at that place atomic number 18 also helplessnesses to this speak to. The Behaviourism approach focuses too such(prenominal) on the nurture side of nature/nurture debate and suggests that all demeanor is learned. However, research has shown that cognitive and b iological elements concur been proved to affect persons behaviour. For example, slew learn behaviour by observing others acquire rewarded for certain actions. other flunk is the ethical issues raised by use animals in experiments. This is because animals good dealnot consent to take part and be unable to echo themselves from experiments, for example, Pavlovs dog studies.A major strength of this surmisal is that it is quickly and affordable. As the behaviourism surmise focuses on the future and what is happening instantly instead of the past, treatment can be quick and effective as they be not talk overing past experiences which may be time consuming. However, because this supposition ignores past experiences and influences, it may cause problems as individuals may wishing to discuss past experiences in order to sort their emotions out. Because this theory ignores them and focuses on typify experiences it can cause a major problem as mint may not be able to benefi t from the therapy as they need to discuss their past.* Social Learning Theory The Social Learning theory was create my Albert Bandura who believed that we can learn by observing others. This theory however, has different strengths and weaknesses. One of the great strengths of the hearty reading theory is that it combines important models of education. This accordingly makes it a good education theory. Another strength is that children are seen are easy to teach and any child can be taught. Albert believed that motive comes largely through praise.The praise, however, is seen indirectly, since it is the model that is praised, not the child. Once motivated, the model provides the passel of teaching. The usual concept is that children just the right environment to begin learning useful skills. Another strength is that it is an easy theory to grasp and it seems to be generally proven by actual experience. For example, when learning to play football, individuals oft first watch a game on TV, which provides the inspiration and want to learn to play. However, there are weaknesses that question if this theory is correct. The main weakness of this theory is that is does not include the childs cognitive development. maculation there are some cognitive insights in the social learning theory, they are not explained. Albert believed that a child was seen as a sponge, enthralling information through modelling.However, the childs contri justion to how models are captive is processed and worked out through time and is not present to any extent in the theory. Another weakness is that is does not have any given cause. The social learning theory explains that motif exists though praise. However, it seems that motivation is socially conditioned, and therefore relative. The social learning then takes the basic social structure as normative and standard, without judgement.* Psychodynamic This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erickson and believed that we are not always aware of all aspects of ourselves. They ignored all intuition theories and focused going inside the head. However this theory has different strengths and weaknesses. One strength of the psychodynamic theory is that is focused on the effects that puerility experiments have on the personality. This is a strength because Freud was the first psychologist to realise the richness of childhood. It also led to other psychologists including Piaget developing theories on childhood.Another strength is that it takes both nature and nurture into account. This is a major strength as is emphasise the importance of both. For example, Freuds assumption of childhood experiences focused on nurture whereas the ID, Ego and Super-ego focused on nature. However, a weakness of the psychodynamic approach is that it is undecided of being tested. This is a weakness because the assumptions cannot be scientifically measured or proved wrong, for example, is the idea of the mind being split in to tierce parts. This cannot be proven so therefore questions if its valid information. Another weakness is that it suggests that all behaviour is pre-determined and pack do not have isolated will.* Biological approach The biological approach was developed by Arnold Gessel who explained the developmental process and stages involved from conception onwards. A strength of this theory is that it is really scientific. This is a major strength because the experiments used are measurable, objective and can be repeated to obtain reliable results. Also, the researcher has more train over the variable. Another strength of the approach is that it increases the likelihood of being able to treat people with abnormal behaviour and provides explanations about the causes of behaviour. This is a major strength as it can be used to improve peoples lives.However, a weakness of the biological approach is that is focuses too much on the nature side of the nature/nurture debate. It argues that beha viour is caused by hormones, neurotransmitters and genetics. Another weakness of the biological approach is that it develops theories about disorders and generalises them to apply to everyone. It does not take into account the view that humans are unique. An example for is that general adaption syndrome assumes that everyone responds in the same way to stress but does not take into account that some people have or need more support than others.* Cognitive The Cognitive theory was development by blue jean Piaget who believed children are born with a very basic mental structure, genetically inherited and evolved, in which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based. One strength of the cognitive approach is that is looks at thought processes which were ignored by other psychologists, especially behaviourists. It looks at processes such as memory, attention and knowledge which all have an effect on our behaviour. Another strength of this approach is that its theories have been app lied to cognitive therapies such as rational affectional therapy which is a therapy that focuses on resolving emotional and behavioural problems and assist people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.This therapy has been successful in changing irrational thoughts so that behaviour improves. However, a weakness of the cognitive approach is that it reduces human behaviour down to individual processes such as memory and attention. This is a weakness because the human is a product of all the processes working together and not just individual parts. Another weaknesses is that the approach is too mechanical, it compares the human to computers and suggests they have similar though processes. This is a weakness as humans are much more complex than computers.* Humanistic The humanistic approach was developed by a psychologist called Abraham Maslow who observed the study of the whole person. He looked at human behaviour not only through the eyes of the observed, but through the eyes o f the person doing the behaving. A strength of this theory is that is focuses on both the positive nature of humankind and the free will associated with change. Another strength is the way in which many of its aspects fit well with other approaches. Many therapies have provided a more humanistic undertone in their work with clients. Even though they may argue that the humanistic theory does not go far enough, they see the benefit in helping people change.However, a weakness of this theory if that is appears to centre on its wishing of concrete treatment on specific issues. With the basic concept derriere the theory being free will, it is difficult to develop treatments and study the military posture of this theory. Secondly, there are those who believe that the humanistic theory does not help those with more severe personality or mental health problems. Another weakness is that this theory is still not complete as there are different questions that are still unanswered. For examp le, are people fundamentally good or are their some individuals who are not capable of this? As these questions are still unanswered it questions if the theory is effective.

Strict Liability

August 7, 2009 Criminal Law- 2 Es opine on Strict Liability Crimes Having no element for Mens Rea, consequently permits punishment on those that may be blameless to a crime. With that fact, there is definitely a wide range of controversial pros and cons. I personally am frank either way regarding this topic, for every and all concerns I feel are legitimate. What I will set forth here is unbiased thought and facts to all pros and cons.In this world there are many unfluctuating civilians and citizens that may encounter, in some form or another, an inconvenience, mishap or even loss on many degrees due to someones negligence or culpable indebtedness. Which will lead me to ones take on the pros or wellbeing to the existence of exacting liability crimes. First and foremost, when someone is hurt or harmed, they want recourse and they want it from whomever is liable, or from the closes person to that liable party. So they care nothing about ones blamelessness or mental intent, which i n this case the law would not hold prudent anyway.To them and to the law customary health and safety come first. For them an act alone is all that would in reality need to be proved. For if that were not the case, then the possible victims would not hold in any remedy under the law. Further more, the benefits to society outweighs the cost of heavy those that may have no true blame. As for the cons in austere liability offenses, one might argue that being held liable without inbred or objective fault may be a irreverence to the U.S. Constitution. Where this stipulation actually contradicts the Model Penal Code (MPC) etc. on criminal liability and the stature of concurrence. Further more, with there being no actual or effective means on protection against strict liability or accidents, leaves a broad range of exceptional blameworthiness. Where they could say we are the victims adversely this could jeopardize society and not protect it, and then curtail much human (especially professional) activities etc. at the fear of any possible culpable negligence. So here I have vindicatory a few to name the least, of pros and cons on strict liability. So as you see we all have some legitimate place or say in this very controversial matter. For all people individuals, civilians, families, cooperations, businesses, functions, guard force and all professionals have some form of risk here. everyplace all I think the law on strict liability is well needed and the sacrifices are well worth the gains for better of for worse.

Business Law and Freedom of Speech

New York City has dealt with vandalism and fault of prevalent property caused by unauthorized graffiti for decades. In declination 2005, the city banned the sale of volume-detonation bomb spray-paint and broad-tipped indelible markers to persons under black flag and proscribeed them from possessing them on public property. Within five months, five people, who were exclusively under the age of 21, were cited for violations of the regulations.Lindsey Vincenty, who was studying visual arts, was unable to buy or carry her supplies in the city, filed a suit, along with others, in the federal partition court on behalf of themselves and other young artists. They claimed that the new rules violated their mightily to freedom of speech. The issue is whether these regulations violate the right to freedom of speech. RULE license of Speech is protected by the First Amendment which guarantees the freedoms of religion, speech, and the press and the rights to assemble pacific on the wholey and to petition the government. Symbolic speech, which includes gestures, movements, articles of clothing, and other forms of expressive conduct, is given substantial security by the courts. However, thither are intelligent lying-ins. Expression oral, written, or symbolized by conduct is subject to reasonable restrictions. The court may allow a restriction if it is content neutral. In order to be considered content neutral, the restriction must be combating a societal problem.APPLICATION. The court was asked to enjoin (to prohibit or forbid) the enforcement of the rules. Symbolic speech is protected by the courts, but thither are reasonable restrictions. The city of New York banned the sale of aerosol spray paint and markers to persons under twenty-one due to the vandalism and disgrace of public property. Even after the ban was in place, five people, all under the age of twenty-one, were cited for violations on these regulations, and 871 people were arrested for making graffi ti.According to the rule of reasonable restrictions, the court can allow a restriction if it is content neutral. This spot can be considered content neutral based on the incident that the restriction is combating a societal problem, being vandalism and defacement of public property. With that being said, these regulations do not violate the right to freedom of speech. finishing These regulations do not violate the right to freedom of speech because there is a reasonable restriction of content neutral.

Psychotherapy and Group Essay

The Theory and Practice of Group Psych new(prenominal)apy. Moreno take aimed a specific and highly structured form of ag root word therapy cognise asPsycho sport. Another recent developing is the theory and method of stem psycho remedys based on an integration of systems thinking is Yvonne Agazarians systems-Centered border on (SCT), which sees chemical groups process within the principles of system dynamics.Her method of functional subgrouping introduces a method of organizing group communication so it is less likely to react counterproductively to differences. SCT also emphasizes the carry to recognize the phases of group development and the defenses related to each phase in order to best make sense and influence group dynamics. furthermore the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious was extended with a recognition of a group unconscious, in which the unconscious processes of group members could be acted out in the form of irrational processes in group sessions.Foulke s developed the model known asGroup Analysisand theInstitute of Group Analysis, while Bion was prestigious in the development of group therapy at theTavistock Clinic. Bion has been criticised, by Yalom,for his technical approach which had an exclusive focus on analysis of whole-group processes to the exclusion of any exploration of individual group members issues. Despite this, his recognition of group defences in the prefatory Assumption Group, has been highly influential.Universality The recognition of sh atomic number 18d experiences and feelings among group members and that these may be widespread or universal human concerns, serves to carry off a group members sense of isolation, validate their experiences, and overdress self-esteem Altruism The group is a place where members can uphold each other, and the experience of being able to give something to another psyche can lift the members self esteem and champion develop more adaptive coping styles and interpersonal skills . Instillation of retire toIn a mixed group that has members at various stages of development or recovery, a member can be inspired and promote by another member who has overcome the problems with which they are still struggling. conveyancing cultivation While this is not strictly speaking a psychotherapeutic process, members often report that it has been very helpful to learn factual information from other members in the group. For example, about their treatment or about gate to services. Corrective recapitulation of the primitive family experienceMembers oftenunconsciously cite the group healer and other group members with their own parents and siblings in a process that is a form oftransferencespecific to group psychotherapeutics. The therapists interpretations can help group members gain understanding of the wedge of childhood experiences on their personality, and they may learn to avoid unconsciously ingeminate unhelpful past interactive patterns in present-day relati onships. Development of socialize techniquesThe group compass provides a safe and supportive environment for members to take risks by extending their repertoire of interpersonal deportment and improving their social skills counterfeit behaviour One way in which group members can develop social skills is done amodelingprocess, observing and imitating the therapist and other group members. For example, sharing personal feelings, showing concern, and supporting others. Cohesiveness It has been suggestedthat this is the primary therapeutic factor from which all others flow. A cohesive group is peerless in which all members feel a sense of belonging, acceptance, and validation.Existential factors encyclopedism that one has to take responsibility for ones own life story and the consequences of ones decisions. Catharsis Experience of relief from emotional woe through the free and uninhibited expression of emotion. When members tell their story to a supportive audience, they can ob tain relief from chronic feelings of shame and guilt. interpersonal learning Group members achieve a greater level ofself-awarenessthrough the process of interacting with others in the group, who give feedback on the members behaviour and impact on others. Self-understandingThis factor overlaps with interpersonal learning but refers to the execution of greater levels of insight into the genesis of ones problems and the unconscious motivations that underlie ones behaviour. Settings Group therapy can form part of the therapeuticmilieuof a psychiatrical in-patient unitor ambulatory psychiatricPartial hospitalization(also known as Day Hospital treatment)In addition to classical talking therapy, group therapy in an institutional setting can also include group-basedexpressive therapiessuch asdrama therapy,psychodrama,art therapy, and non-verbal types of therapy such asmusic therapy.Group psychotherapy is a key component ofMilieu Therapyin aTherapeutic Community. The bring environment o r milieu is regarded as the medium of therapy, all interactions and activities regarded as potentially therapeutic and are subject to exploration and interpretation, and are explored in daily or weekly community meetings A form of group therapy has been reported to be effective in psychotic adolescents and recovering addicts.Projective psychotherapyuses an outside school text such as a novel or motion picture to provide a stabledelusion for the fountain cohort and a safe focus for repressed and suppressed emotions or thoughts in the latter. Patient groups read a novel or together with view a film. They then participate collectively in the raillery of plot, character motivation and author motivation. In the case of films, sound track, cinematography and background are also discussed and processed. Under the guidance of the therapist, defense mechanisms are bypassed by the use of signifiers and semiotic processes.The focus remains on the text rather than on personal issues. 16It w as popularized in the science fiction novel, bolshie Orcs Rage. Group therapy is now often utilized in personal practice settings (Gardenswartz, 2009, Los Angeles, CA). Good outcomes have also been demonstrated for this form of group therapy.

The Motivational Reasons behind Consumer Choice in Branded Coffee Shops Abstract Essay

The chocolate- expose industry has been undergoing substantial smorgasbord during the latter part of the twentieth and early part of the twenty- first off century, reflected by continuous qualifys in consumer demeanor. The aim of this landing field is to improve the looking of the needal reasons behind customer choice in mark burnt umber bean defecates, twain global and local anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic. A quantitative information appeal of 300 questionnaires was utilise in the UK to assess consumer demeanour to spot chocolate berry bring outs.The determinations concluded that closely respondents visit burnt umber shops with friends, with topic eithery bulls eyeed chocolate berry tree berry shops the preferred choice. Consumer motivations to defected coffee shops be most enamord by three factors past follow through/ familiarity thingmajig of location/travel and friends and family. With friendly staff, eminent tint of coffee and victuals , unspoilt line and good reputation the most principal(prenominal) aspects for notice coffee shops. Recent moving picture of tax keep downance from companies such as Starbucks suffer had detrimental bend on consumer choice of mark coffee shops.IntroductionRapid developments and a monumental boom, the popularity of the contemporary coffee shop continues to grow in the twenty-first century. Starbucks entered the UK market smudge in the 1990s (Bishop, 2012), which awaken a new-fangled era for mark coffee shops. gravestone situation (2012 29) verifies that three major players exist Costa, Starbucks and Caff Nero, representing oer 80% of crossed coffee shops in the UK, plunk foring the strength of external coffee brands. This major market penetration has been to the detriment of smaller, locally branded coffee shops, which struggle to contend (Bishop, 2012).However, some news articles arouse that locally branded coffee shops, e.g. Cadwaladers, give the gate survive, apply the power and competitive utility of the local market. Recent exposure of tax suspendance (see Starbucks paid just 8.6m UK tax in 14 years, BBC sassys 2012) questions the future modulate of worldwideist coffee brands.From abbreviation of the to a mettlesomeer(prenominal) egress it may be inferred that local and external branded coffee shops divide opinion. Reviewing publications of brand concepts, it is evident stigmatisation has been widely communicate (Butcher, 2005 Caruana, 2002 Schuiling and Kapferer, 2004 Young and Rubicam, 2000), and to a greater extent(prenominal) particularly, branding in the hospitality industry, (Allegra Strategies Report, 2012 Bashaw, Brumm and Davis, 2008 Bell, 2008 Chathoth and Olsen, 2003 George and Stefanos, 1999 Hanson et al., 2009 Hyun and Kim, 2011 Kim et al., 2003 Kim and Kim, 2004, 2005 Kim, Ma and Kim, 2005 Kwun and Oh, 2004 ONeill and Mattila, 2010 Ruddick, 2012 Ryu et al., 2008 Wanke, Hermann and Schaffner, 2007), thoug h it finds little enquiry particularizedally concerning branded coffee shops.Against the above background, the aim of this query is to improve understanding by providing an in-depth analysis of the motivational reasons behind customer choice in branded coffee shops, deuce local and internationalistic. This addresses the break of serve that exists in spite of appearance literature concerning branded coffee shops, especially regarding what factors influence customer behavior, cognizances and motivations to some(prenominal) local and international branded coffee shops in the UK. writings reviewThis review considers visitor motivation, theories of motivation in general, hospitality-specific and potent factors such as well-disposed influence, socio- demographics and branding, with particular focus on brand perceptual experiences.Visitor MotivationSharpley (2008) refers to motivation as a discursive process that results from deep, psychological affects and motives or external forces and pressures complaisant relationships and lifestyle. ofttimes unrecognised by an separate, it move kick-start the consumer decision-making process, to reflect an individuals head-to-head posits and wants (Pearce, 2005 51). However, Witt and Wright (1992) argue that needs and desires may arouse incite conduct, center doings is not necessarily predicted, whereas Fodness (1994) claims motivation is the driving force in interpreting an individuals behaviour.A range of look is associate to tourism motivation or visitor motivation (Cooper et al., 2005 Dann, 1977, 1981 Eagles, 1992 Fodness, 1994 Iso- Ahola, 1982 Krippendorf, 1986 MacCannell, 1989 Mathieson and Wall, 1982 McIntosh and Goeldner, 1990 Mill and Morrison, 1985 Moutinho, 1987 Pearce and Caltabiana, 1983 Pearce, 2005 Sharpley, 2008 Sims, 2009 Urry, 1990 Witt and Wright, 1992 Wolf, 2002). However, actually little question is related to coffee shop visitor motivations.Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1943), a theor y of human motivation, bequeaths a well-set concept for consumer decision choice of branded coffee shops. Two constructs of this theory, i.e. roll in the hay and belonging assert the desire to create a sense of connection. Witt and Bruce (1972) and Bearden and Etzel (1982), elicit individuals seek friendly approval, wanting to be standardisedd or be desire other individuals in association. The desire to achieve societal certification motivates individuals to prefer the same(p) brand as others, by external globe observation or inner, social group locatings. The power of the international brand as the place to be seen creates a cause behaviour choice.Lewis (2012) argues that ostensible desires and behaviours be less powerful factors and basic needs ar more(prenominal) common-human. Maslows concept of psychological needs, the need for life basics, supports this alternative motivator, thence the drive to satisfy thirst alone is another determinant for tour a coffe e shop. The study of needs provides a partial definition of motivated behaviour (Witt and Wright, 1992 44), but according to Mill and Morrison (1985 2) individuals atomic number 18 a lot unaware of the real reason for doing certain things, suggesting true motivations lie unavowed in the subconscious. So other influential factors must be examined as reasons why spate visit an international brand over a local branded coffee shop and vice-versa.Influential FactorsWolf (2006 19) notes that tight 100% of tourists dine out while travelling, and diet and bever era consistently rank first in visitor spending, supported by Shenoy (2005). These purposes suggest one accountinging for the major growth of coffee shops in high-footfall leisure areas, with an increase in number of branded coffee shops to 3041 in the UK by 2009-10 (Bishop, 2012 1). touring car typologies provide tourist/visitor behaviour varietys, e.g. stigma Seekers, Convenience Tourists, culinary Tourists, etc. resid ence and Mitchells (2005) Taxonomy of Consumers can be used to classify the importance of intellectual nourishment inside their decision-making processes. Hall and Mitchell (2006 147 Wolf, 2002) suggest a tourist may want to predilection the region they are tour, with the culinary tourist (Shenoy, 2005), supporting motivated behaviour to a locally branded coffee shop. However, with many local coffee shops disappearing, this typology is questioned. Other influences the likes of the power of a brand may alter ones placements and consequently change behaviour, query into brand power highlights this.Perceptions are influenced by motivational compress factors, e.g. socio-demographics, familiarity, security, social norms, prestige and peer pressure (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). Ajzens (1991) theory of mean behaviour examined how initial intentions and attitudes are affected by perceptions and account for substantial variance in actual behaviour (Ajzen, 1991 179). neighborly ferm entMoutinho (1987) suggests 4 sources of social influence family, social class, culture and telephone extension groups. He argued these internal and external pressures were detrimental to behaviour when drilled on individuals. Thornton (2001) supports family as a reigning influence in tourist motivation. Merton (1957) and Rossis (1949) part groups, describes the process when pile adjust their attitudes and value to that of the reference group, e.g. crossway preferences (Burnkrant and Cousineau, 1975) and brand choice (Bourne, 1957 Stafford, 1966 Witt, 1969).Bruce (1970,1972) finds reference group influence can spread to other consumers explaining behaviour of visitors to a new area, seeking selective information when uncertain (Bearden and Etzel, 1982). Another example derives from the need to seek social status and social approval (Witt and Bruce, 1972). The term value- expressive, is the need for psychological association with a individual or group, to the liking of the re ference group (Bearden and Etzel, 1982) and need to be determine as using the same brand publically consumed luxury (Bourne, 1957 219). French and consumes (1959) visualize 5 bases that look for how a social group derives power to exert influence.Socio-demographics also deposit behavior (Bishop, 2012 55), e.g. major coffee chains were more popular among men (29.4%) than women (20.6%) compared to independents in the UK. Additionally 54.6% of 20- to 24-year-olds were most likely to choose a branded chain compared to 17.7% of those termd 65 years and over (Key note of hand, 2012). Consumer interrogation by NEMS UK Market seek on behalf of Key Note (2012 1) claim during the recession 30.7% of people cut back on visiting coffee/sandwich shops, with, consumers more attracted by outlets offering discounts (Allegra Strategies, 2012).Mattila (2001) claims that social variables from the care perspective are deprecative for generating customer loyalty, e.g. social regard influenced new customers and comprehendd nucleus servicing quality influenced quick customers (Butcher, 2005). Caruana (2002) recognises advantage qualities like customer satisfaction, results in benefit loyalty, while friendly behaviours in service interactions enhance demarcation success (Bitner et al., 1990 Driver and Johnston, 2001 Hall, 1993 Iacobucci and Ostrom, 1993 Price and Arnould, 1999). Servicescape is also regarded as a critical factor. Wight (1996) argues the avoidance of crowds is important in explaining customer behaviour. brandingFor this research a brand differentiates the international service/product from a local service/product. The brand is a powerful hammer that attracts haughty consumer behaviour, influencing perceptions and choice, i.e. obtain intention.Wanke, Herrmann and Schaffner (2007) form that a brand disclose evokes specific associations, creating a brand perception e.g. Starbucks where star may be understand as star quality and excellence, influe ncing consumers link with quality (Ginden, 1993). Berry et al. (1988) suggests a well- chosen name creates a marketing advantage and should include primeval characteristics i.e. simple, flexible, memorable, distinctive and relevant e.g. Costa. Rooney (1995) suggests a brand name is a major asset, enhancing company success, generating consumer confidence (Assael, 1995) and active consumer behaviour (Assael, 1995 Meadows, 1983), as consumers perceive one brand as more desirable than its competitors (Rooney, 1995).Chernatony and DallOlmo Riley (1998 426) identified twelve themes associated with defining a brand, e.g. shorthand, risk reducer, identity system and soma, influencing the consumers mind. Memory shortcuts (Jacoby et al., 1977) stand by speedier decision-making, advantageous for the time pressed consumer. The recognisable brand becomes the favoured choice (Chevan, 1992), as a distinguishable international brand satisfies demand expectations (Chernatony and DallOlmo Riley, 2010 Montgomery and Wernerfelt, 1992), so a brand relationship is evidenceed that may explain international brand market dominance.Sweeney and Soutar (2001) suggest branded products aim four breathing in values that drive consumer acquire behaviour i.e. emotional, social, quality/ surgery and hurt/value for money. Explaining how one brand can differ from the next international branded coffee shops may be perceived the ruff at delivering these values. The Customer-Based stigmatise comeliness Model (Keller, 1993), conceptualises the idea that brand knowledge affects the consumer reception, booster cable to a positive effect on consumer reactions, generating brand attitude (Tuominen, 1999 Yoo and Donthu, 2001). question has seekd how past experience has the dexterity to influence and change buyer behaviour (Busch, 1980 Gaski, 1984a MacKenzie and Zaichkowsky, 1981). question instal that power can influence aspects such as satisfaction (Bachman, 1968 Bachman, Smith, and Sles inger, 1966), attraction (French and Raven, 1959), conformity (Warren, 1968, 1969), and social influence (Lippitt, Polansky, and Rosen, 1952). Crosno et al.s (2009) 5 Base kind Power surmise adapted from French and Ravens (1959) original frame die (appendix 1), found a brand wielding these concepts had a greater overall brand social power. These findings provide monumental explanation to brand difference betwixt international and local coffee shops.An probe by Tsai (2011) strengthened the Strategic Management of Service shuffle affinitys Model, finding service brand commitment and love, influence relationship e.g. satisfaction, self-concept connection and eventually trust. investigate on the importance of building and achieving brand virtue, loyalty and ken exist, yet little investigation into consumer decision of branded coffee shops. Literature suggests quality perception was most important for determining brand barter for (Bao et al., 2011 Grewal et al., 1998 Richards on, 1994, 1996). This provides support for research into customer perceptions of coffee brands and how they influence our behaviours. topical anesthetic pits vs. external taints Schuiling and Kapferer (2004) argue with local brands adaptability and better response to local needs, e.g. flexibility of determine strategy for specific local markets highlighting a significant difference to international brands, which miss intimate relationships with local markets (Schuiling and Kapferer, 2004). Their research on the differences found that local brands have a higher level of awareness (85%) than international brands (73%) linked by the number of years local brands have been in the market (Schuiling and Kapferer, 2004 105). Their database get well-nighed other variables suggesting local brand advantages, for example, as being trusdeucerthy, reliable, good value, high quality and traditional ( confuse 3 in Schuiling and Kapferer, 2004 105).Local brands have the ability to create a bran d value system (Chernatony and Dallolmo Riley, 1998) by endorsing personal and cultural values (Engel, 1993 Reynolds and Gutman, 1988). Chernatony and Dallolmo Riley (1998) argued that deformity Relationship and Brand constitution (Blackston, 1992) wereimportant for repeat custom and strong bonding, e.g. Cadwaladers, a local cheat example, provide distinct character and culture of its destination (Jones and Jenkins, 2002 116) and help establish a more unique selling proposition (Haven-Tang and Jones, 2006).Evidence exists of residential district support for local brands to support, stimulate and revitalise local economy (Boyne, Hall and Williams, 2003), creating regional development (Hall, Kirkpatrick and Mitchell, 2005 Steinmetz, 2010) and preventing cloning (Kelly, 2012). A type study by Patterson et al. (2010) highlights local brand power in Australia. Closing three accommodate of Australian Starbucks, Australians continued to remain loyal the their own coffee brand Gloria Jeans.Schuiling and Kapferer (2004) support local brands as the ternioning competitor, arguing the qualities and traits of local traffic have proven superior. They conclude that cost is responsible for local disadvantage, with inability to generate economies of scale. Schuiling and Kapferer (2004) argue that international brand development benefits from global marketing, e.g. portfolio enhancement, compared to local brands who lack global status (see periodic Mail, 2009). Schuiling and Kapferer (2004) suggest a equilibrize mix of local and international brand development is key to built-in industry success.The aim of this article is to improve our understanding by addressing the gap that exists within research and literature concerning branded coffee shops. Little research explores what factors influence customer behavior, perceptions and motivations to local and international branded coffee shops in the UK.MethodologyGiven the nature of the research, ceremonious quantitativ e data collection using questionnaires was deployed. Target market analysis highlighted the most prominent influential factors, internal and external motives (Gnoth, 1997) and draw and pull factors (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999). This establishes what factors influence consumer perceptions, behaviour and purchase intention, similar to the survey conducted by Boa et al. (2011). Providing explanation as to why branded coffee shops (local/international) maintain their position within their industry, this research addresses the lack of research in this field, benefiting coffee shop businesses seeking competitive advantage or improvement. Providing insight to customer attitudes and perceptions, it proposes realistic prospects for brands, like the Y&R Brand Asset Valuator (Young and Rubicam, 2010). play alongs are, arguably, the most important source of information for tourism analysis, planning and decision making (Smith, 1995 42). dubietynaires are components of survey meet (Finn et a l., 2000), its purpose here is to obtain reliable and valid data on the research subject (Finn et al., 2000). A street survey of 300 questionnaires was undertaken, natural covering a cross- contribution of the community (Veal, 1992). Allowing generalisation of similar socio-demographic areas, this survey surface gives representative data of the population (Seale, 2004), compensating lack of sufficient response data and weakness of randomness (Prentice et al., 1998), e.g. population and ecological inclemency (Finn et al., 2000). Clearly in that location is likely to be differences in demographics in the entropyern cities/areas covered for this research compared to bigger, major cities/areas across the UK such as capital of the United Kingdom.Measures for the questionnaire are conceptualised from the certifyary literature research, as discussed consultation of research literature like this facilitates internal hardship (Finn et al., 2000). This identified deficiencies concerni ng consumer choice and behaviour to the branded coffee shop, reflecting research objectives for inhibit instrumentation and statistical treatment of data (Cohen et al., 2007).The questionnaire (appendix 2) included a standardised set of questions, allowing all respondents to interpret them in the same way, establishing standardisation and attend (Finn et al., 2000). A pilot study identified improvements to the questionnaire before being support as reliable, removing ambiguity or bias (Finn et al., 2000).Similarly to methodology by Bramwell (1998) and Prentice et al. (1998) this research was a non-probability sample of 300 shoppers, no have frame therefore is administered. Critics of this sampling argue that this method is weak, lacking randomness, advance shoppers on an ad hoc basis (bias selection) inevitably means not everyone has an play off chance of being selected (Finn et al., 2000). To help overcome questionnaire distributer bias, a first to pass system was used ( touri stry and Recreation Research Unit, 1993).Shopping centres, high streets and small town centres in various locations in the southern westernmost (e.g. Plymouth, Taunton) and South Wales (e.g. Cardiff, Penarth and Chepstow) were identified as valid target areas, where street surveys are natural settings (Bogdan and Biklen, 1992 Cohen et al., 2007 Lincoln and Guba, 1985). The aim was to target up to 50% of shoppers within these fields (according to capacity of area). A total of 10 days was allocated for research collection, to reach a total of 300 responses.The procedure was validated and controlled by replicating each data-gathering activity, with the interviewer remaining neutral throughout the study, avoiding interviewer bias or the glorification Effect. Consent ensures content validity and reduces ethical implications (Cohen et al., 2007) while consequential validity was also confirmed briefing participants their responses will not exceed the strength of the research (Cohen et al., 2007 140). This maximises interest and elicits a positive response rate (Brunt, 2012 Finn et al., 2000).The research method allows for completed questionnaires suitable for coding and analysis by SPSS, change the study to be easily replicated. botch-tabulation examined results and chi-square political campaigns measured how well the data fits the dead reckoning (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2009 611) i.e. testing for goodness of fit, measuring what it is supposed to measure confirms validity (Finn et al, 2000 28), creating a descriptive statistical account to interpret and generalise reality.Findings and discussionThis section presents the results of the questionnaire, analysing thedescriptive statistics to establish the independent variables and dependent variablesExperience of coffee shopsCoffee-drinking behaviourMotivation supranational vs local coffee shopspersonal effects of tax avoidance. word of honor reviews their linkages to the existing literature to determine if this n ew data supports or contradicts existing information.Profile of the respondentsA vast count for each sexual practice was recorded, finding a higher degree of female respondents (55.7%). Their ages varied, with a large separate of the sample aged between 15 and 24 (42.3%).The population of England is larger than Wales. Results from the 2011 census ( view for National Statistics, 2011) reveal that England has 53.0 million residents, compared to 3.1 million in Wales. get ahead reporting that there were 27.6 million men and 28.5 million women in the two countries ( major power for National Statistics, 2011 4). Looking more specifically at the UK regions used for this research, the South West and Wales, a marginal population difference exits between these two regions (see table 6). However closer examination of the gender populations of these two regions are fairly similar (see tables 7 and 8), both regions see more females than males for people living to an elderly age. These sta tistics support findings regarding the higher female count found in this research.Local coffee brands were the preferred type by respondents (53.7%) compared to international coffee brands (46.3%). Correlating with recent actions in Totnes (Kelly, 2012 BBC intelligence operation Magazine), this supports Schuiling and Kapferers (2004) assessment that local brands are the leading competitor. It also suggests that local brands may endorse stronger consumption values posit by Sweeney and Soutar (2001) to explain consumer purchase behaviour. Dismissing assumptions made within the literature review that international branded coffee shops could be perceived best at delivering these values.Respondents reported they visit coffee shops predominately with friends (50.3%). Only 4.7% of respondents visited with work colleagues, suggesting escape cock from daily routine by Iso-Ahola (1987) may explain why coffee shops are less likely to be visited with work colleagues, avoiding an association with work related activities. This sustains popular belief that coffee shops are a social activity, with behaviour socially influenced by friends or family (French and Raven, 1959).Motivations to coffee shopTable 3 presents motivations of the respondents to Coffee shop using a 1-5 Likert outstrip abstract found that past experience/familiarity was the main reason why respondents were motivated to their chosen coffee shop (4.09). Confirming the influence of motivational push factors like familiarity and security (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999), to satisfy expectations, meet reclusive needs and wants (Pearce, 2005 Witt and Wright, 1992) and influence behaviour (Brand complaisant Power guess, 2009 Busch, 1980 Crosno et al., 2009 French and Raven, 1958 Gaski, 1984a Lippit et al., 1952 MacKenzie and Zaichkowsky, 1981 Warren, 1968, 1969). Confirming Brand value are endorsed from personal experience with the brand subject (Bradley, 1995 Chernatony and McDonald, 1992 Clark, 1987 Doyle 199 8 Jones, 1986 Tuominen, 1999), e.g. Attachment of place (Phillips, 2013 202), a principle Rowles (1978) and Smith (2009) claim is associated with exposure to a place.The second highest motivation was convenience of location/ or travel (3.99), which supports convenience is an important esteem (Kim et al., 2005) and convenient location is more important than the brand (3.61) (Allegra Strategies, 2012). Friends and Family rated tercet strongest motivator (3.75), confirming friends and family are powerful motivators influencing behavior (Bearden and Etzel, 1982 Bourne, 1957 Burnkrant and Cousineau,1975 Moutinho, 1987 Stafford, 1966 Thornton, 2001 Witt and Bruce, 1972 and Witt, 1969). This reinforces Merton and Rossi (1949) and Moutinhos (1987) conditional relation of reference groups.That Strong local identity rated the weakest (3.31) may suggest that local identity does not have the same impact as that of the brand itself, e.g. marketing advantage (Berry et al., 1988), enhanced succ ess (Rooney, 1995) or active consumer behaviour (Assael, 1995 Meadows, 1983). This suggests that promoting local identity in coffee shops may not significantly affect customer behavioural intentions. international branded coffee shops vs local branded coffee shops A 1-5 Likert Scale was also used to call what aspects were most important for both international coffee brands and local coffee brands, summarised in table 4 below. High quality of coffee/ nutrient was found the most important aspect (4.36) concerning international brands. Reinforcing perceived core service quality influenced existing customers (Butcher, 2005), similarly confirming Bao et al. (2011) Grewal et al. (1998) and Richardson (1994, 1996) that quality perception was most important for determining purchase. Rated second most important for an international brand was good reputation (4.08), confirming that social regard is a critical influencer (Butcher, 2005 Mattila, 2001).Friendly staff was rated most important f or local brands (4.37). These findings are consistent with Bitner et al., (1990) Driver and Johnston (2001) Hall, (1993) Iacobucci and Ostrom, (1993) and Price and Arnould, (1999) who found friendly behaviours between service and customer enhance business success. High quality of coffee/food rated second most important, as mentioned above consistent with Butcher (2005) and Mattila (2001). good atmosphere was also considered important for local coffee shops (4.13), supporting Kotler (1973) that atmosphere is often the primary product to effect purchase decision, physical surroundings and surround are also influential (Gardner, 1985 Obermiller and Bitner, 1984 and Donovan and Rossiter, 1982).Table 5 shows respondents attitude towards recent news claims regarding tax avoidance (centered around Starbucks). The results below confirm that a significant number of respondents were affected by the story (34%), claiming they would avoid using international chains in the future. Though 53.3% of respondents said it would have no effect, an additional 12.7% stated they were unsure of their future intentions.This provides a case which represents how important brand law (Aaker, 1991) is for building the products look-alike (Clearly, 1981), value promotion to attract and keep customers (Rooney, 1995), positive image (Ginden, 1993), consumer generated image (Chernatony and Dallolmo Riley, 1998), brand value (Park et al., 1994) and likings and perceptions (Moore, 1993). Damage to the brand can be critical the findings demonstrate how negative brand exposure against Starbucks now evokes a negative association and brand perception (Wanke, Herrmann and Schaffner, 2007). This confirms the power of Kellers Brand Equity Model (1993) brand knowledge can affect consumer response, suggesting it had hindered brand attitude (Tuominen, 1999 Yoo and Donthu, 2001).Brand reputation (Romeo, Weinberger, and Antes 1994 Siomkos and Malliaris1992) is a feature affected by consumer response to company crisis (Jorgensen, 1996). Jorgensen (1996) and Weiners model (1986) found the higher degree of debt instrument and controllability a company was for said event the higher it elicit feelings of anger, effecting judgment, purchase and behaviour intentions (Jorgensen, 1994). The high number of respondents not affected could be explained using attitude strength, brand commitment and brand loyalty (Ahluwalia et al., 2000 Keller, 2003 Tuominen, 1999 Yoo and Donthu, 2001) i.e. brand law (Aaker, 1991 1992), confirming the importance of the Service Brand Relationship Model (Tsai, 2011).Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square Tests studied the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables to determine whether a significant association between two variables existed (Brunt, 2012). This research revealed a number of significant associations existed, providing insight of consumer behaviour to coffee shops, discussed below.A chi-square test between gender and 12 motivational items was carried out, which found one positive cross tabulation between women and Popular and Thriving Atmosphere.This shows a significant association women are more positively affected by servicescape (Gardener, 1985 Kotler, 1973 Obermiller and Bitner, 1984) and environment than men (Raajpoot et al., 2008). Popular and thriving maybe associated as busy, men are more negatively affected by waiting time than women (Grewal et al, 2003) which explains this gender association, suggesting Wights (1997) avoidance of crowds to explain behaviour is more popular in men than in women.A chi-square test between age and 12 motivational items was carried out 4 positive cross tabulations were found ripen and Support Local BrandThe cross tab indicated that more people aged 65+ rated support local brand as the strongest reason to coffee shop. Age groups 15-24 and 25-44 rated possible highly. Most ages rate support local brand highly as amotivator to chosen coffee shop, though the older you are th e stronger this motivates you. Approving Boyne, Hall and Williams (2003) that community support to stimulate and revitalise the local economy exits.Age and Avoids Crowds and interferenceAge group 65+ rated avoiding crowds and noise strongly as a motivating factor. This test reveals the older you are the more avoiding crowds and noise motivates you when choosing a coffee shop. Supporting Day et al. s (2000) Minimizing Sensory Overstimulation guess, as suggested by Phillips (2013) study, older participants were startled by sudden, heavy or loud noises.Age and The Brand and accountThis cross tab suggests that for ages 25-44, 65+ and 15-24, Brand and Reputation was a strong motivator, confirming this does affect and influence a large majority of consumer motivations. These findings are consistent with those of Wanke, Herrmann and Schaffner (2007) that brands evoke perceptions, which can link with quality (Ginden, 1993) influencing consumer decisions. Findings support brands make memo ry shortcuts (Jacoby et al., 1977), which create consumer confidence (Assael, 1995) and active consumer behaviour (Assael, 1995 Crosno et al., 2009 Meadows, 1983).Age and Somewhere in the raw/DifferentThe cross tab indicated that somewhere new/different rated a high motivator among respondent, thus an influential factor in consumer coffee shop decisions. This is consistent to the model created by Pearce and Caltabiano (1983) and Sharpley (2008) whom signify biological and social motives change over time. Social changes influence behaviour, i.e. consumer taste and style changes (Moutinho, 1987 Rooney, 1995) and social influences are motivators found by Dann (1977) Iso-Ahola (1987) and McIntosh and Goeldner (1990). The findings bear with Bearden and Etzel (1982) and Witt and Bruce (1972) that social security and social approval motivates human behaviour.A but test found a significant association existed between age and preferred coffee shop. The two youngest ages groups 15-24 and 25-44 were found to prefer international branded coffee shops more than local branded coffee shops, supporting Key Note (2012), compared to the two oldest age groups 45-64 and 65+, which found a higher preference for local brands.Conclusion and implicationsReviewing this exploratory study, we suggest that consumer motivations to branded coffee shops are influenced by the following three factors past experience/familiarity, convenience of location, and friends and family. This research reveals that social influence is a strong motivator in consumer choice and purchasing behaviours to branded coffee shops. This research also identified some similarities between factors perceived most important from the consumer perspective for local and international coffee brands. The most important factors for a local coffee brand were, in order, friendly staff, high quality of coffee and food and good atmosphere. Whereas the most important factors for an international coffee brand were, in order, h igh quality of coffee and food, good reputation and friendly staff. Respondents indicated high quality coffee and food and friendly staff were important for both branded coffee shops.The results of this research exposes that a difference between coffee brand preference and influential factors exists. The following section presents practical implications for businesses or individuals within the branded coffee shop industry.This research identified that a strong liking for coffee shops exists, with local brands the preferred coffee brand choice. The difference between important factors suggests it contributes and influences consumer coffee brand preference, motivations and behaviours. So to understand the motivational reasons behind consumer choices in branded coffee shops the consideration of these factors is necessary. Differentiating the local brand from the international brand, the results suggest local brands endorse a more personal relationship compared to the professional, qual ity relationship found from international brands. These findings provide additional theory on the power of social influence from the consumer and business perspective as a motivator to branded coffee shops, i.e. perceptions and social brand power.In addition, this research reveals that significant associations did exist between motivation and social demographics such as age and gender e.g. women were more motivated by the popular and thriving atmosphere of the branded coffee shop than men. Whereas age presented larger differences between motivations e.g. support local brand, avoid crowds/noise, somewhere new/different and brand and reputation. This research could be used for coffee shop businesses seeking to target a specific audience.Regarding tax avoidance, results from a specific question (see appendix 2, Question 7 and table 5) illustrated that consumer attitude was affected and that it negatively influenced future decisions, motivations and behaviours towards all internationall y branded coffee shops, especially Starbucks itself. Detrimental to the brand reputation, this draws anxiety to the importance of maintaining a good reputation for successful coffee shop businesses.The findings suggest theories and literature on brands, motivation and influential factors is applicable to branded coffee shops, e.g. theory concerning local brands as leading competitors endorsing qualities and traits superior to those of international brands. Quality perception is important for determining brand purchase and can explain consumer behaviour to branded coffee shops.This research addresses the gap that exists within literature concerning branded coffee shops, especially regarding local brands and their ability to influence consumer perceptions. Little research explores what factors influence customer behaviour, perceptions and motivations to local and international branded coffee shops in the UK, therefore this research creates a foundation for others to explore and devel op further. Given the rise in interest and boom of the coffee shop industry in recent times, this provides market research consideration for new start ups in the tourism and beverage industry in the future. A multi methods approach using an in-depthinterview could improve understanding and explore customer attitudes further. A comparison of consumer preferences across different countries could also reveal whether cultural differences influence decisions.Limitations to this study exist, e.g. the sample selection was taken from the South West and South Wales and other UK regions were not explored, meaning a holistic mix of social demographic across the UK is not confirmed. Likewise, an equal count for each age group and gender was not achieved. A larger study may discover a difference between gender and preference of branded coffee shop, or whether significant associations exist between age and importance of aspects, which chi-square tests in this study could not validate out-of-pock et an insufficient sample size. Clearly the results demonstrate coffee shops are an intrinsical part of popular British culture and this research presents findings to support this theory.AcknowledgementsI would like to take this fortune to express my profound gratitude and appreciation to my guide, professor Rong Huang, for her exemplary guidance, monitoring, constant encouragement and kindness. Her support and time has been invaluable and stir throughout the development of this article.I would also like to take this opportunity to thank Professor Graham Busby for the valuable information provided by him in his respective field. I am grateful for his support.Lastly, I would like to thank my parents, brother and friends for their constant encouragement, support, care and kindness throughout this stainless process.Appendices auxiliary 1 French and Ravens (1959) power typology lucid power is based on the perception of an individual that another person has the legitimate right to i nfluence him or her, and that he or she is stimulate to accept the influence.Reward power is based on the perception of an individual that another person has the ability to reward him or her.Coercive power is based on the perception of an individual that another person has the ability to punish him or her.Expert power is based on the perception of an individual that another person has some specialized knowledge or expertise.Referent power is based on an individuals appellative with, and desire to be similar to, another person.Crosno et al. (200993)Appendix 2 QuestionnaireAppendix 4 QuestionnaireAppendix 3Table 6 2011 Census The populations for incline Regions and WalesTable 6 2011 Census The populations for English Regions and Wales (Office for National Statistics, 201122).Table 7 The tribe of Wales 1999-2009 by age and genderTable 7 The community of Wales 1999-2009 by age and gender (Office for National Statistics Statistics for Wales, 20103)Table 8 The creation of the Sou th West by age and genderTable 8 The Population of the South West by age and gender (Smith, 201047)Notes1 Sophie Burge has tardily been awarded a First Class BSc Honours Degree in caper and touristry at the University of Plymouth. Sophie is now looking to pursue her career around the world. credit ratingsAaker, D. (1991), Managing Brand Equity Capitalizing On The Value Of A Brand Name, New York Simon and SchusterAaker, D. (1992), The Value of Brand Equity, ledger of melody Strategy, 4, 27-32Ahluwalia, R., R.E. Burnkrant and H.R. 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