'Bureaucracy\r'

' whizz of the characteristics off eructation school/ plaque is specialization. distinctiveness is concentrating on a specific assign for casing; bursar as unrivalled of the school officers regulates finances of the school. fit to Weber as cited in Ho and rocket (1 991 ) â€Å" course of diligence and specialization means that the well-ordered activities required for the purposes of the bureaucratically governed structure ar distributed in a fixed way as authorized duties” (p: 104). This is to give voice, plump in schools is divided into different task and then e realone soak up his/her specific task.T to each one(prenominal)ers atomic number 18 specializing by teaching a specific subject for example, mathematics. Mathematics instructor secernate by teaching b bely Mathematics to all the grades in the school that is, puzzle out one, dickens and three. This is payoffous receivable to the fact that it makes ones chisel easier and to be of high quality sin ce he/she deals with a specific subject. Further more(prenominal), specialization goes top in hand with what is called segmentation of agitate. Light, Keller and Calhoun (1989) ground â€Å"in bureaucracies the defecate to be accomplished is broken down into clear-cut division of labor and people be teach to specialize in performing each task” (p: 219).This is division of labor which refers to dividing work into small and manageable tasks. thence since tasks in schools are too complex to be performed by a single individual, division of labor is crucial. Everyone in a school has a rate for example; there is a head teacher who is amenable for the running affairs of the school and teachers who are obligated for imparting knowledge to students or scarce instruction delivery. Division of labor among positions improves efficiency. Ho and missile (1991) postulate that division of labor produces specialization hence efficiency increases.And this is because specializati on helps employees to be knowledgeable and clever at performing their prescribed duties. So the authors bespeak â€Å"such(prenominal) division enables the physical composition to employ personnel on the basis of technical qualifications. Hence, division of labor and specialization produce more expertise in school personnel” (p: 105). This is to say that proles are sedulous for the type of work they have skills on. A nonher characteristic of bureaucratic school/organization is a power structure of offices.According to Ho and Missile (1991) offices are arranged hierarchically; ACH lower office is under the control and management of a higher one. In agreement YMMV. guestèles. Com redes that the structure of a bureaucratism is called a power structure because it includes a series of levels from the most menial worker in the organization to the highest executive. Each level has clearly defined authority and responsibilities. Therefore, this makes work to be easier a nd more manageable since everyone knows his/her responsibility in the school/organization. Light, et al. (1989) state that when an organizations operation is divided into smaller, more manageable tasks; the arioso activities essential be put together. Thus, the solution is to organize workers into a hierarchy with each person being responsible to the person directly above in the range of a function of command. This means that everyone exit have a supervisor. For example, elder teachers sack up supervisor teachers to assess the efficiency of their work in the classroom. Moreover, a hierarchy of offices helps in care order within the organization since everyone understands his place very well and what is expected of him/her.According to utter(a) (1989) â€Å"all employees in the organization must know who their boss is and each errors should always respect their chain of command” (p: 594). To fight back this, employees should respect those in authority or their superviso rs by doing what they expect them to do. They should also follow a bloodline of communion within the organization. The author also postulates â€Å"in this way the people at the top can be sure that directives arrive where they are meant to go and know where responsibility lie” (p: 594).Therefore, a hierarchy of offices is very important characteristic of a bureaucratic school/ organization as it allows workers to focus on their responsibilities since it Leary define them. It also encourages carefulness among workers as it is easier to spectre who is not doing his/her work properly. Www. Baccalaureates. Com/excerpts suggests that a formal hierarchy is the basis of central inventning and centralized closing making of a bureaucratic school/organization.This is imputable(p) to the fact that these offices are for the people who are responsible for the operation of the school/ organization hence; they plan and make ratiocinations together on how best to do that. austere (1 989) postulates ‘to catch order in decision making, business is inducted primarily through written rules, records and communication” (p: 593). This is to say, planning and decision making is central to a hierarchy of offices within the school/organization due to the fact that it is where written rules, records and communication are found.Rules and regulations are one of the characteristics of bureaucratic school/organization. In whatever organization rules and regulations are very vital because they construe that there is order. Weber as cited in Stark (1989) â€Å"stressed that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with careful developed rules and principles that can e learned and applied… ” (P: 595). To digest this, a bureaucratic school should have rules that guide employees behavior since they are applied equally to everyone of them. They cannot be broken due to the fact that by doing so punishment ordain follow.Therefore, rules and r egulations are important in a bureaucratic school since they bear on self-discipline and self- control among workers. This give help the organization to run smoothly and efficiently since workers need not to be followed to do their work as they are guided by the rules and regulations. Rules and regulations adduce control thin the organization as correspond to Ho and Missile (1991) â€Å"… By taking advantage of the screening functions of bureaucratic rules, administrators can gain and avow some control over organizational activities.They stay that general and impersonal rules lead be full because they offer direction without creating status distinctions. Control is the us maintained by using bureaucratic rules… ” (P: 109-110). Moreover, to ensure that rules and regulations are the characteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization; Bernard, burgher and Kirby (2004) suggest that a bureaucratic school/organization should have a body of rules that governs it. For example, employees usually have a code of conduct. According to Fragrant (1980) a code of conduct is a set of rules for pro conduct since teachers are professionals.These rules are divided into two; a freight to the students and to the profession. A commitment to the students are rules which outline what the teacher should do and not to do to students for example, the teacher disclosing information about students without their permission. And a commitment to the profession are rules which outline hat they golf-club expects from the teacher for example, the teacher should not dress in an unprofessional manner. Ho and Missile (1991 ) state that rules and regulations provide continuity of operation and help to coordinate activities.This is because employees are guided by rules on what they should do and not to therefore, rules and regulations in a bureaucratic school promote cooperation within the organization since employees work well with each other. Lastly, one of the ch aracteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization includes rewards establish on merit. According to Light, et al. (1989) â€Å"positions in a bureaucracy are awarded on the basis Of technical qualifications (as heedful by tests, educational degrees and diplomas and other standardized yardsticks) not on the basis of who one knows” (p: 220).This is to say that cables and publicity in a bureaucratically school/ organization are obtained through qualifications. For example in Botswana, for one to be a secondary school teacher should have at least a present of Diploma in Secondary Education not just passed form five and then be employed as teacher. Employees should be employed for the job they qualify or so that work cannot be difficult for them since they will be doing what they are trained for. This will in turn, helps the school/organization to be effective and efficient.Furthermore, rewards based on merit will allow us providers to give packagings to the ones who are fli p for those positions. This is to say they will not give promotion on the basis of favoritism like to their relatives and friends. Stark (1989) states â€Å"to ensure expert management, appointment and promotion are based on merit rather than favoritism and those appointed treat their positions as full-time, primary arrears” (p: 593). To support this, people are rewarded because of the efforts they put in their work.So thats wherefore in schools teachers can be promoted and given positions such as, from being a subject teacher to a subject coordinator. Nevertheless, giving jobs and promotions to people because one knows them, will make the school/organization to suffer since they do not qualify for those works. Ho and Missile (1991) suggest â€Å"promotion is dependent on the judgment of superiors” (p: 105). This is to say that promotion is made by supervisors but heretofore though, it is upon them they should do it fairly.\r\n'