Chemistry 105 Practice Test: Answer Key

Chem 105 PracticeTest 1Note: There will not be this many questions on your test, I just wanted to give you as much practice as possible. Also, none of these exact questions will be on the test, just similar questions. Also, make sure you can do the homework, as I may have some questions similar to the homework questions. 1. Molecules can be described as a. a mixture of two or more pure substances. b. a mixture of two or more elements that has a specific ratio between components. c. two or more atoms chemically joined together. d. a heterogeneous mixture e. a homogeneous mixture Answer: C 2. Dalton's Atomic Theory states . that all elements have several isotopes. b. that matter is composed of small indestructible particles. c. that the properties of matter are determined by the properties of atoms. d. that energy is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. e. that an atom is predominantly empty space. Answer: B 3. Which of the following represents a hypothesis? a. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. b. Nitrogen gas is a fairly inert substance. c. Nickel has a silvery sheen. d. When a substance combusts, it combines with air. e. When wood burns, heat is given off. Answer: D 4. Which is true of a Scientific Theory (circle all that apply) a. It is an interpretation for an observation b. It is a general explanation for the manifestation and behavior of all nature c. It can be validated or invalidated by experiment and observation d. It describes why things happen Answer: B, C, and D 5. Mass (circle all that apply) a. Is dependent on location (gravity) b. Is the amount of matter in a substance and remains the same regardless of location c. can be measured by using a scale or balance d. is measured in ml Answer: B and C 6. The states of matter are a. Solid and gas b. Liquid and gas . Gas, solid, and liquid d. Gas, air, and vapor Answer: C 7. A liquid (circle all that apply) a. Has a definite volume b. Has particles that are less orderly and can move about freely c. Has particles that are tightly packed d. Has no definite volume or shape e. Answer: A and B 8. Identify dry ice as a solid, liquid, or gas. a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. both solid and liquid Answer: A 9. When a gas is cooled (circle all that apply) a. Its molecules have fewer energetic collisions b. The motion of the gas particles decrease c. The motion of gas particles increase d. Nothing happens to the gas particles Answer: A and B 10. Classify each of the following as a mixture or a pure substance: a. Carbon dioxide _____________________ b. Blood ______________________ c. Helium (He) ______________________ d. Sugar water _______________________ Answer: A-pure substance; B-mixture; C-pure substance; D-mixture 11. Choose the pure substance from the list below. a. sea water b. sugar c. air d. lemonade e. milk Answer: B 12. Choose the heterogeneous mixture from the list below. a. Gatorade b. chlorine gas c. black coffee d. chicken noodle soup e. carbon (graphite) Answer: D 13. Which of the following statements about crystalline and amorphous solids is TRUE? a. A crystalline solid is composed of atoms or molecules arranged with long-range repeating order. b. An example of a crystalline solid is glass. c. An example of an amorphous solid is table salt (NaCl). d. An amorphous solid is composed of atoms or molecules with a majority of its volume empty. e. All of the above statements are TRUE. Answer: A 14. A substance that can't be chemically broken down into simpler substances is considered to be a. a homogeneous mixture. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. d. compound. e. an electron. Answer: B 15. Two or more substances in variable proportions, where the composition is constant throughout are considered a. a compound. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. d. a homogeneous mixture. e. a crystalline solid. Answer: D 16. Which of the following are examples of physical change? a. sugar is dissolved in water. b. coffee is brewed. c. dry ice sublimes. d. ice (solid water) melts. e. All of these are examples of physical change. Answer: E 17. Which of the following are examples of a chemical change? a. coffee brewing b. water boiling c. nails rusting d. alt dissolves in water e. None of the above are chemical changes. Answer: C 18. Which of the following represents a physical property? a. Sodium metal is extremely reactive with chlorine gas. b. Mercury is a silver liquid at room temperature. c. the tendency of aluminum to â€Å"rust† d. the flammability of butane fuel e. the unreactive nature of argon gas Answer: B 19. Define thermal energy. a. Energy associated with the temperature of an object. b. Energy associated with the motion of an object. c. Energy associated with the force of an object. d. Energy associated with the gravity of an object. e. Energy associated with the position of an object. Answer: A 20. Which of the following are examples of intensive properties? a. density b. volume c. mass d. None of the above are examples of intensive properties. e. All of the above are examples of intensive properties. Answer: A 21. If the temperature is 178 °F, what is the temperature in degrees celsius? a. 352 °C b. 451 °C c. 67 °C d. 81. 1 °C e. 378 °C Answer: D 22. If the temperature is 25 °C, what is the temperature in  °F? a. 45 °F b. 298. 15 °F c. 77 °F d. -3. 89 °F Answer: C 23. If the temperature is 25 °C, what is the temperature in K? a. 45 K b. 298 K c. 77 K . -3. 89 K Answer: B 24. Determine the density of an object that has a mass of 149. 8 g and displaces 12 . 1 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. a. 8. 08 g/mL b. 1. 38 g/mL c. 12 . 4 g/mL d. 18. 1 g/mL e. 11. 4 g/mL Answer: C 25. A student performs an experiment to determine the density of a sugar solution. She obtains the following results: 4. 11 g/mL, 4. 81 g/mL, 4. 95 g/mL, 3. 75 g/mL. If the actual value for the density of the sugar solution is 4. 75 g/mL, which statement below best describes her results? a. Her results are precise, but not accurate. b. Her results are accurate, but not precise. . Her results are both precise and accurate d. Her results are neither precise nor accurate. e. It isn't possible to determine with the information given. Answer: D 26. Read the water level with the correct number of significant figures. a. 5 mL b. 5. 3 mL c. 5. 32 mL d. 5. 320 mL e. 5. 3200 mL Answer: B (Note: Remember, your last significant figure is the one that is uncertain. Because there are only whole number marks, the most certain significant figure is the 5, then we estimate where the meniscus of the liquid is between the 5 and the 6. This is why the correct reading is 5. 3, where the 3 is uncertain. If there were marks between the whole numbers, the correct answer would have 3 significant figures, since you could more accurately determine the volume. ) 27. Read the length of the metal bar with the correct number of significant figures. a. 20 cm b. 15 cm c. 15. 0 cm d. 15. 00 cm e. 15. 000 cm Answer: D 28. How many significant figures are in: 1009. 630 mL? a. 1009. 630 ml _____7______ b. 3. 408 x 104 m _____4_______ c. 0. 0005890 g ______4_______ 29. Complete the following calculations and report your answer with the correct number of significant figures: a. (249. 362 + 41)/63. 498 = ____4. 57________ b. 433. 621 + 0. 02 = ____433. 4_________ c. (965. 43 x 3. 911) + 9413. 4136 = ____1. 319 x 104 or 13190_____ 30. What wavelength of light would you report in units of nm, if the light had a wavelength of 7. 60 x 10-10 m? a. 7. 60 ? 10-3 nm b. 7. 60 ? 10-19 nm c. 1. 32 nm d. 0. 760 nm e. 760 nm Answer: D 31. How many cm3 are contained in 3. 77 ? 104 mm3? a. 3. 77 ? 104 cm3 b. 3. 77 ? 101 cm3 c. 3. 77 ? 10-10 cm3 d. 3. 77 ? 1020 cm3 e. 3. 77 ? 106 cm3 f. Answer: B 32. If a room requires 25. 4 square yards of carpeting, what is the area of the floor in units of ft2? (3 ft = 1 yd) a. 76. 2 ft2 b. 8. 47 ft2 c. 282 ft2 d. 229 ft2 e. 68. 6 ft2 Answer: D 33. Convert 15. km to miles. (use conversions in the back of your book. These will be given for the test a. 24. 1 miles b. 9. 32 miles c. 591 miles d. 33. 1 miles e. Answer: B 34. Gas is sold for $1. 399 per liter in Toronto, Canada. Your car needs 12. 00 gallons. How much will your credit card be charged in dollars? ( use conversions in the back of your book. These will be given for the test) a. $16. 79 b. $67. 15 c. $4. 44 d. $63. 54 Answer: D 35. Crude oil is an example of a. a compound. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. d. a homogeneous mixture. Answer: C 3 6. NaCl is an example of a. a compound. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. . a homogeneous mixture. Answer: A 37. A piece of metal ore weighs 8. 25 g. When a student places it into a graduated cylinder containing water, the liquid level rises from 21. 25 mL to 26. 47 mL. What is the density of the ore? a. 0. 312 g/mL b. 0. 633 g/mL c. 1. 58 g/mL d. 3. 21 g/mL Answer: C 38. A mass of mercury occupies 0. 950 L. What volume would an equal mass of ethanol occupy? The density of mercury is and the density of ethanol is 0. 789 g/mL. a. 0. 0553 L b. 0. 0613 L c. 16. 3 L d. 18. 1 L Answer: C 39. Round the following number to four significant figures and express the result in standard exponential notation: 229. 13 a. 0. 2296 ? 103 b. 229. 6 c. 2. 296 ? 10-2 d. 2. 296 ? 102 e. 22. 96 ? 10-1 Answer: D 40. Round off 00907506 to four significant figures. a. 0091 b. 9076 c. 9100 d. 9. 075 ? 105 Answer: D 41. The diameter of an atom is approximately 1 ? 10-10 m. What is the diameter in millimeters? a. 1 ? 10-16 mm b. 1 ? 10-13 mm c. 1 ? 10-7 mm d. 1 ? 10-4 mm Answer: C 42. How many liters of wine can be held in a wine barrel whose capacity is 26. 0 gal? 1 gal = 4 qt = 3. 7854 L. a. 1. 46 ? 10-4 b. 0. 146 c. 98. 4 d. 6. 87 ? 103 e. 6. 87 Answer: C 43. 128) How many liters of air are in a room that measures 10. 0 x 11. 0 ft and has an 8. 0 ft ceiling? 1 in. = 2. 54 cm (exactly); 1 L = 103 cm3. a. 2. 49 ? 104 b. 92. 8 c. 26. 8 d. 2. 68 ? 107 e. 8. 84 ? 105 Answer: A 44. 1) Which of the following is an example of the law of multiple proportions? a. A sample of chlorine is found to contain three times as much Cl-35 as Cl-37. b. Two different compounds formed from carbon and oxygen have the following mass ratios: 1. 33 g O: 1 g C and 2. 66 g O: 1 g C. c. Two different samples of table salt are found to have the same ratio of sodium to chlorine. d. The atomic mass of bromine is found to be 79. 90 amu. e. Nitrogen dioxide always has a mass ratio of 2. 8 g O: 1 g N. Answer: B 45. Identify the element that has an atomic number of 40. a. neon b. calcium c. zirconium d. bromine Answer: C 46. The atomic mass for cadmium is a. 48 b. 112. 41 c. 40. 08 d. 20 Answer: B 47. The mass number is equal to a. the sum of the sum of the electrons and protons. b. the sum of the sum of the neutrons and electrons. c. the sum of the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. d. the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. Answer: D 48. What element is defined by the following information? p+ = 11n ° = 12 e- = 11 a. sodium b. vanadium c. magnesium d. titanium Answer: A 49. ) What does â€Å"X† represent in the following symbol? X a. silicon b. sulfur c. zinc d. ruthenium e. nickel Answer: A 50. 11) Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following: X a. p+ = 18n ° = 18e- = 22 b. p+ = 18n ° = 22e- = 18 c. p+ = 22n ° = 18e- = 18 d. p+ = 18n ° = 22e- = 40 e. p+ = 40 n ° = 22e- = 18 Answer: B 51. Identify a cation. a. An atom that has lost an electron. b. An atom that has gained an electron. c. An atom that has lost a proton. d. An atom that has gained a proton. Answer: A 52. What element is defined by the following information? p+ = 17n ° = 20 e- = 17 a. calcium b. rubidium c. hlorine d. neon e. oxygen Answer: C 53. What species is represented by the following information? p+ = 17 n ° = 18 e- = 18 a. Cl b. Cl- c. Ar d. Ar+ e. Kr f. Answer: B 54. Give the number of electrons for carbon-14, with a -2 charge . a. 7 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 Answer: D 55. Predict the charge that an aluminum ion would have. a. 5- b. 1+ c. 1- d. 2+ e. 3+ Answer: E 56. Predict the charge that the ion formed from bromine would have. a. 1- b. 2+ c. 1+ d. 4+ e. 2- f. Answer: A 57. Which of the following elements is NOT a metal? a. Ba b. Mg c. Xe d. Pb e. Ga Answer: C 58. Which of the following elements is a noble gas? a. Ar b. Br c. N d. O e. K Answer: A 59. Which of the following elements is an alkali metal? a. Zn b. Xe c. F d. Li e. Ca Answer: D 60. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Anions are usually larger than their corresponding atom. b. Metals tend to form cations c. Atoms are usually larger than their corresponding cation. d. The halogens tend to form 1+ ions. e. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons. Answer: D 61. Which of the following does NOT describe a nonmetal? a. Tend to gain electrons b. Found in the upper right hand corner of the periodic table. c. Poor conductor of electricity d. Nonmetals are generally unreactive. e. Poor conductor of heat. Answer: D 62. Silver has an atomic mass of 107. 868 amu. The Ag-109 isotope (108. 905 amu) is 48. 16%. What is the amu of the other isotope? a. 106. 905 amu b. 106. 908 amu c. 106. 903 amu d. D) 106. 911 amu Answer: A 63. Which of the following contains the MOST atoms? You shouldn't need to do a calculation here. a. 10. 0 g Ne b. 10. 0 g He c. 10. 0 g Ar d. 10. 0 g Kr e. 10. 0 g Mg Answer: B 64. How many silver atoms are contained in 3. 75 moles of silver? a. 6. 23 ? 1024 silver atoms b. 2. 26 ? 1024 silver atoms c. 1. 61 ? 1023 silver atoms d. 2. 44 ? 1026 silver atoms e. 6. 50 ? 1025 silver atoms Answer: B 65. How many moles of potassium are contained in 449 g of potassium? a. 11. 5 moles b. 17. 6 moles c. 69. 2 moles d. 23. 9 moles e. 41. 5 moles Answer: A 66. What mass, in kg, does 5. 84 moles of titanium (Ti) have? a. 0. 352 kg b. 0. 122 kg c. 0. 820 kg d. 0. 280 kg e. 0. 632 kg Answer: D 67. How many moles of Cs are contained in 595 kg of Cs? a. 2. 23 ? 102 moles Cs b. 4. 48 ? 103 moles Cs c. 7. 91 ? 104 moles Cs d. 1. 26 ? 103 moles Cs e. 5. 39 ? 102 moles Cs Answer: B 68. How many iron atoms are contained in 354 g of iron? a. 2. 62 ? 1025 Fe atoms b. 2. 13 ? 1026 Fe atoms c. 4. 69 ? 1024 Fe atoms d. 3. 82 ? 1024 Fe atoms . 9. 50 ? 1022 Fe atoms Answer: D 69. Calculate the mass, in kg, of 4. 87 x 1025 atoms of Zn. a. 5. 29 kg b. 1. 89 kg c. 8. 09 kg d. 1. 24 kg e. 1. 09 kg Answer: A Match the following. A) Fe B) C C) Mg D) Si E) K 70. magnesium 71. carbon 72. potassium 73. iron 74. silicon Answers: 70) C 71) B 72) E 73) A 74) D 75. Give the name of the element whose symbol is Na. Answer: sodium 76. An atom of 131Xe contains ________ electrons. a. 131 b. 185 c. 77 d. 123 e. 54 Answer: E 77. An ion has 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons. The symbol for the ion is ________. a. 17O2- b. 17O2+ c. 19F+ d. 19F- e. 17Ne2+ Answer: A 78. How many protons does the Br- ion possess? a. 34 b. 36 c. 6 d. 8 e. 35 Answer: E 79. Predict the charge of the most stable ion of potassium. a. 3+ b. 1- c. 2+ d. 2- e. 1+ Answer: E 80. What is the chemical symbol for mercury? a. Ag b. Au c. Hg d. Pb Answer: C 81. Which are isotopes? An atom that has an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 42 is an isotope of an atom that has a. an atomic number of 21 and a mass number of 42. b. an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 40. c. 22 neutrons and 20 protons. d. 22 protons and 20 neutrons. Answer: B 82. How many protons (p) and neutrons (n) are in an atom of Sr? a. 38 p, 52 n . 38 p, 90 n c. 52 p, 38 n d. 90 p, 38 n Answer: A 83. The mass number of an atom of 128Xe is ________. a. 54 b. 182 c. 74 d. 128 e. 120 Answer: D 84. What is the identity of element Q if the ion Q2+ contains 10 electrons? a. C b. O c. Ne d. Mg Answer: D 85. In which of the following sets do all species have the same number of electrons? a. F-, Ne, Mg2+ b. Ge, Se2-, Br- c. K+, Rb+, Cs+ d. Br, Br-, Br+ Answer: A 86. Argon belongs to the ________ group of the periodic table. a. alkali metal b. alkaline earth metal c. halogen d. noble gas Answer: D 87. Which of the following elements has chemical properties similar to tellurium? . fluorine b. hydrogen c. nitrogen d. sulfur Answer: D 88. An ionic bond is best described as: a. the sharing of electrons. b. the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. c. the attraction that holds the atoms together in a polyatomic ion. d. the attraction between 2 nonmetal atoms. e. the attraction between 2 metal atoms. Answer: B 89. What is the empirical formula for C4H10O2? a. C2H5O b. CHO c. C2H4O d. CHO2 e. CH2O Answer: A 90. Write a possible molecular formula for C4H4O. a. C8H8O2 b. C12H12O2 c. C2H2O d. C8H8O Answer: A 91. Which of the following is an atomic element? a. Br b. H c. N d. O e. Mg Answer: E 92. Which of the following is a molecular element? a. Kr b. Ag c. S d. Mg e. Ti Answer: C 93. Which of the following is a molecular compound? a. CuCl2 b. KCl c. NaNO3 d. CH3Cl e. RbBr f. Answer: D 94. Which of the following is an ionic compound? a. SCl2 b. Mg3(PO4)2 c. Cl2O d. CH2O e. PF5 Answer: B 95. Write the formula for the compound formed between potassium and sulfur. a. KS b. KS2 c. K2S d. K2SO3 e. K3S2 Answer: C 96. Give the name for SnO. a. tin (I) oxide b. tin (II) oxide c. tin (III) oxide d. tin (IV) oxide Answer: B 97. Write the formula for strontium nitride. a. Sr3N2 b. Sr(NO3)2 c. SrN d. Sr2N3 e. Sr(NO2)2 Answer: A 98. Write the name for Sn(SO4)2. Remember that Sn forms several ions. a. tin (I) sulfite b. tin (IV) sulfate c. tin sulfide d. tin (II) sulfite e. tin (I) sulfate Answer: B 99. Determine the name for CoCl2†¢6H2O. Remember that Co forms several ions. a. cobalt chloride hydrate b. cobalt (I) chloride heptahydrate c. cobalt (II) chloride heptahydrate d. cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate e. cobalt (I) chloride Answer: D 100. Write the formula for copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. a. Cu2SO3†¢H5 b. Cu2S†¢H2O c. CuS†¢5H2O d. (CuSO4)5 e. CuSO4†¢5H2O Answer: E 101. Determine the name for H2CO3. a. carbonous acid b. dihydrogen carbonate c. carbonic acid . hydrocarbonic acid e. hydrocarbide acid Answer: C 102. Identify the formula for nitric acid. a. HNO3 b. HNO2 c. HNO d. HNO4 Answer: A 103. Determine the name for P4O10. a. phosphorus (IV) oxide b. diphosphorus pentoxide c. phosphorus oxide d. phosphorus (II) oxide e. tetraphosphorus decoxide Answer: E 104. Calculate the molar mass for Mg(ClO4)2. a. 223. 21 g/mol b. 123. 76 g/mol c. 119. 52 g/mol d. 247. 52 g/mol e. 75. 76 g/mol Answer: A 105. Calculate the molar mass of Al(C2H3O2)3. a. 86. 03 g/mol b. 204. 13 g/mol c. 56. 00 g/mol d. 258. 09 g/mol e. 139. 99 g/mol Answer: B 106. How many millimoles of Ca(NO3)2 contain 4. 8 ? 1022 formula units of Ca(NO3)2? The molar mass of Ca(NO3)2 is 164. 10 g/mol. a. 12. 6 mmol Ca(NO3)2 b. 13. 0 mmol Ca(NO3)2 c. 20. 7 mmol Ca(NO3)2 d. 79. 4 mmol Ca(NO3)2 e. 57. 0 mmol Ca(NO3)2 Answer: D 107. How many C2H4 molecules are contained in 45. 8 mg of C2H4? The molar mass of C2H4 is 28. 05 g/mol. a. 9. 83 ? 1020 C2H4 molecules b. 7. 74 ? 1026 C2H4 molecules c. 2. 71 ? 1020 C2H4 molecules d. 3. 69 ? 1023 C2H4 molecules e. 4. 69 ? 1023 C2H4 molecules Answer: A 108. What is the mass of 9. 44 ? 1024 molecules of NO2? The molar mass of NO2 is 46. 01 g/mol. a. 205 g b. 294 g c. 721 g d. 341 g e. 685 g Answer: C 109. Calculate the mass percent composition of sulfur in Al2(SO4)3. a. 28. 12 % b. 9. 372 % c. 42. 73 % d. 21. 38 % e. 35. 97 % Answer: A 110. How many moles of N2O3 contain 2. 55 ? 1024 oxygen atoms? (change the molecule) a. 1. 41 moles N2O3 b. 4. 23 moles N2O3 c. 12. 7 moles N2O3 d. 7. 87 moles N2O3 e. 2. 82 moles N2O3 Answer: A 111. How many moles of PCl3 contain 3. 68 ? 1025 chlorine atoms? a. 61. 1 moles PCl3 b. 20. 4 moles PCl3 c. 16. 4 moles PCl3 d. 54. 5 moles PCl3 e. 49. 1 moles PCl3 Answer: B 112. How many sodium ions are contained in 99. 6 mg of Na2SO3? The molar mass of Na2SO3 is 126. 05 g/mol. a. 1. 52 ? 1027 sodium ions . 4. 76 ? 1020 sodium ions c. 2. 10 ? 1021 sodium ions d. 1. 05 ? 1021 sodium ions e. 9. 52 ? 1020 sodium ions Answer: E 113. Determine the volume of hexane that contains 5. 33 ? 1022 molecules of hexane. The density of hexane is 0. 6548 g/mL and its molar mass is 86. 17 g/mol. a. 8. 59 mL b. 13. 5 mL c. 7. 40 mL d. 12. 4 mL e. 11. 6 mL Answer: E 114. Determine the molecular formula of a compound that has a molar mass of 92. 0 g/mol and an empirical formula of NO2. a. N2O3 b. N3O6 c. N2O4 d. NO2 e. N2O5 Answer: C 115. Determine the empirical formula for a compound that is 36. 86% N and 63. 14% O by mass. a. NO b. N2O c. NO2 d. N2O3 e. NO3 Answer: D 116. Write a balanced equation to show the reaction of gaseous ethane with gaseous oxygen to form carbon monoxide gas and water vapor. a. 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) > 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) b. C2H6(g) + 5 O(g) > 2 CO(g) + 3 H2O(g) c. 2 C2H6(g) + 5 O2(g) > 4 CO(g) + 6 H2O(g) d. C2H6(g) + 7 O(g) > 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g) e. 2 CH3(g) + 5 O(g) > 2 CO(g) + 3 H2O(g) Answer: C 117. Which of the following is one possible form of pentane? a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 e. CH3CH2-O-CH2CH2CH3 Answer: A 118. List the elements in a hydrocarbon Answer: hydrogen and carbon 119. What type of bonding is found in the compound OF2? a. covalent bonding b. hydrogen bonding c. ionic bonding d. metallic bonding Answer: A 120. In which set do all elements tend to form cations in binary ionic compounds? a. K, Ga, O b. Sr, Ni, Hg c. N, P, Bi d. O, Br, I Answer: B 121. Rb2S is named a. rubidium disulfide. b. rubidium sulfide. c. rubidium(II) sulfide. d. rubidium sulfur. Answer: B 122. An aqueous solution of H2S is named a. hydrosulfuric acid. b. hydrosulfurous acid. c. sulfuric acid. d. sulfurous acid. Answer: A 123. What is the molar mass of nitrogen gas? a. 14. 0 g/mol b. 28. 0 g/mol c. 6. 02 ? 1023 g/mol d. 1. 20 ? 023 g/mol Answer: B 124. What mass of carbon dioxide, C O2, contains the same number of molecules as 3. 00 g of trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F? a. 0. 106 g b. 0. 961 g c. 1. 04 g d. 9. 37 g e. Answer: B 125. Which of the following has the greatest mass? a. 3. 88 ? 1022 molecules of O2 b. 1. 00 g of O2 c. 0. 0312 mol of O2 d. All of the above have the same mass. Answer: A 126. A sample of pure calcium fluoride with a mass of 15. 0 g contains 7. 70 g of calcium. How much calcium is contained in 40. 0 g of calcium fluoride? a. 2. 27 g b. 7. 70 g c. 15. 0 g d. 20. 5 g Answer: D 127. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 62. % C, 10. 4% H, and 27. 5% O by mass? a. C3HO b. C6HO3 c. C6H12O2 d. C5H10O2 e. C3H6O Answer: E 128. How many oxygen atoms are there in 7. 00 g of sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7? a. 0. 187 oxygen atoms b. 2. 30 ? 1021 oxygen atoms c. 1. 60 ? 1022 oxygen atoms d. 1. 13 ? 1023 oxygen atoms Answer: D 129. Methane and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. What mass of water is formed if 0. 80 g of methane reacts with 3. 2 g of oxygen to produce 2. 2 g of carbon dioxide? a. 1. 8 g b. 2. 2 g c. 3. 7 g d. 4. 0 g Answer: A 130. Combustion analysis of 1. 200 g of an unknown compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen produced 2. 86 g of CO2 and 1. 134 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? a. C2H5O b. C2H5O2 c. C2H10O3 d. C3H8O2 Answer: D 131. What is the stoichiometric coefficient for oxygen when the following equation is balanced using the lowest, whole-number coefficients? _____ C2H6O (l) + _____ O2(g) > _____ CO2(g) + _____ H2O(l) a. 9 b. 7 c. 5 d. 3 Answer: D 132. Calcium phosphate reacts with sulfuric acid to form calcium sulfate and phosphoric acid. What is the coefficient for sulfuric acid when the equation is balanced using the lowest, whole-numbered coefficients? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. none of these Answer: C Chemistry 105 Practice Test: Answer Key Chem 105 PracticeTest 1Note: There will not be this many questions on your test, I just wanted to give you as much practice as possible. Also, none of these exact questions will be on the test, just similar questions. Also, make sure you can do the homework, as I may have some questions similar to the homework questions. 1. Molecules can be described as a. a mixture of two or more pure substances. b. a mixture of two or more elements that has a specific ratio between components. c. two or more atoms chemically joined together. d. a heterogeneous mixture e. a homogeneous mixture Answer: C 2. Dalton's Atomic Theory states . that all elements have several isotopes. b. that matter is composed of small indestructible particles. c. that the properties of matter are determined by the properties of atoms. d. that energy is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. e. that an atom is predominantly empty space. Answer: B 3. Which of the following represents a hypothesis? a. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. b. Nitrogen gas is a fairly inert substance. c. Nickel has a silvery sheen. d. When a substance combusts, it combines with air. e. When wood burns, heat is given off. Answer: D 4. Which is true of a Scientific Theory (circle all that apply) a. It is an interpretation for an observation b. It is a general explanation for the manifestation and behavior of all nature c. It can be validated or invalidated by experiment and observation d. It describes why things happen Answer: B, C, and D 5. Mass (circle all that apply) a. Is dependent on location (gravity) b. Is the amount of matter in a substance and remains the same regardless of location c. can be measured by using a scale or balance d. is measured in ml Answer: B and C 6. The states of matter are a. Solid and gas b. Liquid and gas . Gas, solid, and liquid d. Gas, air, and vapor Answer: C 7. A liquid (circle all that apply) a. Has a definite volume b. Has particles that are less orderly and can move about freely c. Has particles that are tightly packed d. Has no definite volume or shape e. Answer: A and B 8. Identify dry ice as a solid, liquid, or gas. a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. both solid and liquid Answer: A 9. When a gas is cooled (circle all that apply) a. Its molecules have fewer energetic collisions b. The motion of the gas particles decrease c. The motion of gas particles increase d. Nothing happens to the gas particles Answer: A and B 10. Classify each of the following as a mixture or a pure substance: a. Carbon dioxide _____________________ b. Blood ______________________ c. Helium (He) ______________________ d. Sugar water _______________________ Answer: A-pure substance; B-mixture; C-pure substance; D-mixture 11. Choose the pure substance from the list below. a. sea water b. sugar c. air d. lemonade e. milk Answer: B 12. Choose the heterogeneous mixture from the list below. a. Gatorade b. chlorine gas c. black coffee d. chicken noodle soup e. carbon (graphite) Answer: D 13. Which of the following statements about crystalline and amorphous solids is TRUE? a. A crystalline solid is composed of atoms or molecules arranged with long-range repeating order. b. An example of a crystalline solid is glass. c. An example of an amorphous solid is table salt (NaCl). d. An amorphous solid is composed of atoms or molecules with a majority of its volume empty. e. All of the above statements are TRUE. Answer: A 14. A substance that can't be chemically broken down into simpler substances is considered to be a. a homogeneous mixture. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. d. compound. e. an electron. Answer: B 15. Two or more substances in variable proportions, where the composition is constant throughout are considered a. a compound. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. d. a homogeneous mixture. e. a crystalline solid. Answer: D 16. Which of the following are examples of physical change? a. sugar is dissolved in water. b. coffee is brewed. c. dry ice sublimes. d. ice (solid water) melts. e. All of these are examples of physical change. Answer: E 17. Which of the following are examples of a chemical change? a. coffee brewing b. water boiling c. nails rusting d. alt dissolves in water e. None of the above are chemical changes. Answer: C 18. Which of the following represents a physical property? a. Sodium metal is extremely reactive with chlorine gas. b. Mercury is a silver liquid at room temperature. c. the tendency of aluminum to â€Å"rust† d. the flammability of butane fuel e. the unreactive nature of argon gas Answer: B 19. Define thermal energy. a. Energy associated with the temperature of an object. b. Energy associated with the motion of an object. c. Energy associated with the force of an object. d. Energy associated with the gravity of an object. e. Energy associated with the position of an object. Answer: A 20. Which of the following are examples of intensive properties? a. density b. volume c. mass d. None of the above are examples of intensive properties. e. All of the above are examples of intensive properties. Answer: A 21. If the temperature is 178 °F, what is the temperature in degrees celsius? a. 352 °C b. 451 °C c. 67 °C d. 81. 1 °C e. 378 °C Answer: D 22. If the temperature is 25 °C, what is the temperature in  °F? a. 45 °F b. 298. 15 °F c. 77 °F d. -3. 89 °F Answer: C 23. If the temperature is 25 °C, what is the temperature in K? a. 45 K b. 298 K c. 77 K . -3. 89 K Answer: B 24. Determine the density of an object that has a mass of 149. 8 g and displaces 12 . 1 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. a. 8. 08 g/mL b. 1. 38 g/mL c. 12 . 4 g/mL d. 18. 1 g/mL e. 11. 4 g/mL Answer: C 25. A student performs an experiment to determine the density of a sugar solution. She obtains the following results: 4. 11 g/mL, 4. 81 g/mL, 4. 95 g/mL, 3. 75 g/mL. If the actual value for the density of the sugar solution is 4. 75 g/mL, which statement below best describes her results? a. Her results are precise, but not accurate. b. Her results are accurate, but not precise. . Her results are both precise and accurate d. Her results are neither precise nor accurate. e. It isn't possible to determine with the information given. Answer: D 26. Read the water level with the correct number of significant figures. a. 5 mL b. 5. 3 mL c. 5. 32 mL d. 5. 320 mL e. 5. 3200 mL Answer: B (Note: Remember, your last significant figure is the one that is uncertain. Because there are only whole number marks, the most certain significant figure is the 5, then we estimate where the meniscus of the liquid is between the 5 and the 6. This is why the correct reading is 5. 3, where the 3 is uncertain. If there were marks between the whole numbers, the correct answer would have 3 significant figures, since you could more accurately determine the volume. ) 27. Read the length of the metal bar with the correct number of significant figures. a. 20 cm b. 15 cm c. 15. 0 cm d. 15. 00 cm e. 15. 000 cm Answer: D 28. How many significant figures are in: 1009. 630 mL? a. 1009. 630 ml _____7______ b. 3. 408 x 104 m _____4_______ c. 0. 0005890 g ______4_______ 29. Complete the following calculations and report your answer with the correct number of significant figures: a. (249. 362 + 41)/63. 498 = ____4. 57________ b. 433. 621 + 0. 02 = ____433. 4_________ c. (965. 43 x 3. 911) + 9413. 4136 = ____1. 319 x 104 or 13190_____ 30. What wavelength of light would you report in units of nm, if the light had a wavelength of 7. 60 x 10-10 m? a. 7. 60 ? 10-3 nm b. 7. 60 ? 10-19 nm c. 1. 32 nm d. 0. 760 nm e. 760 nm Answer: D 31. How many cm3 are contained in 3. 77 ? 104 mm3? a. 3. 77 ? 104 cm3 b. 3. 77 ? 101 cm3 c. 3. 77 ? 10-10 cm3 d. 3. 77 ? 1020 cm3 e. 3. 77 ? 106 cm3 f. Answer: B 32. If a room requires 25. 4 square yards of carpeting, what is the area of the floor in units of ft2? (3 ft = 1 yd) a. 76. 2 ft2 b. 8. 47 ft2 c. 282 ft2 d. 229 ft2 e. 68. 6 ft2 Answer: D 33. Convert 15. km to miles. (use conversions in the back of your book. These will be given for the test a. 24. 1 miles b. 9. 32 miles c. 591 miles d. 33. 1 miles e. Answer: B 34. Gas is sold for $1. 399 per liter in Toronto, Canada. Your car needs 12. 00 gallons. How much will your credit card be charged in dollars? ( use conversions in the back of your book. These will be given for the test) a. $16. 79 b. $67. 15 c. $4. 44 d. $63. 54 Answer: D 35. Crude oil is an example of a. a compound. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. d. a homogeneous mixture. Answer: C 3 6. NaCl is an example of a. a compound. b. an element. c. a heterogeneous mixture. . a homogeneous mixture. Answer: A 37. A piece of metal ore weighs 8. 25 g. When a student places it into a graduated cylinder containing water, the liquid level rises from 21. 25 mL to 26. 47 mL. What is the density of the ore? a. 0. 312 g/mL b. 0. 633 g/mL c. 1. 58 g/mL d. 3. 21 g/mL Answer: C 38. A mass of mercury occupies 0. 950 L. What volume would an equal mass of ethanol occupy? The density of mercury is and the density of ethanol is 0. 789 g/mL. a. 0. 0553 L b. 0. 0613 L c. 16. 3 L d. 18. 1 L Answer: C 39. Round the following number to four significant figures and express the result in standard exponential notation: 229. 13 a. 0. 2296 ? 103 b. 229. 6 c. 2. 296 ? 10-2 d. 2. 296 ? 102 e. 22. 96 ? 10-1 Answer: D 40. Round off 00907506 to four significant figures. a. 0091 b. 9076 c. 9100 d. 9. 075 ? 105 Answer: D 41. The diameter of an atom is approximately 1 ? 10-10 m. What is the diameter in millimeters? a. 1 ? 10-16 mm b. 1 ? 10-13 mm c. 1 ? 10-7 mm d. 1 ? 10-4 mm Answer: C 42. How many liters of wine can be held in a wine barrel whose capacity is 26. 0 gal? 1 gal = 4 qt = 3. 7854 L. a. 1. 46 ? 10-4 b. 0. 146 c. 98. 4 d. 6. 87 ? 103 e. 6. 87 Answer: C 43. 128) How many liters of air are in a room that measures 10. 0 x 11. 0 ft and has an 8. 0 ft ceiling? 1 in. = 2. 54 cm (exactly); 1 L = 103 cm3. a. 2. 49 ? 104 b. 92. 8 c. 26. 8 d. 2. 68 ? 107 e. 8. 84 ? 105 Answer: A 44. 1) Which of the following is an example of the law of multiple proportions? a. A sample of chlorine is found to contain three times as much Cl-35 as Cl-37. b. Two different compounds formed from carbon and oxygen have the following mass ratios: 1. 33 g O: 1 g C and 2. 66 g O: 1 g C. c. Two different samples of table salt are found to have the same ratio of sodium to chlorine. d. The atomic mass of bromine is found to be 79. 90 amu. e. Nitrogen dioxide always has a mass ratio of 2. 8 g O: 1 g N. Answer: B 45. Identify the element that has an atomic number of 40. a. neon b. calcium c. zirconium d. bromine Answer: C 46. The atomic mass for cadmium is a. 48 b. 112. 41 c. 40. 08 d. 20 Answer: B 47. The mass number is equal to a. the sum of the sum of the electrons and protons. b. the sum of the sum of the neutrons and electrons. c. the sum of the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. d. the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. Answer: D 48. What element is defined by the following information? p+ = 11n ° = 12 e- = 11 a. sodium b. vanadium c. magnesium d. titanium Answer: A 49. ) What does â€Å"X† represent in the following symbol? X a. silicon b. sulfur c. zinc d. ruthenium e. nickel Answer: A 50. 11) Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following: X a. p+ = 18n ° = 18e- = 22 b. p+ = 18n ° = 22e- = 18 c. p+ = 22n ° = 18e- = 18 d. p+ = 18n ° = 22e- = 40 e. p+ = 40 n ° = 22e- = 18 Answer: B 51. Identify a cation. a. An atom that has lost an electron. b. An atom that has gained an electron. c. An atom that has lost a proton. d. An atom that has gained a proton. Answer: A 52. What element is defined by the following information? p+ = 17n ° = 20 e- = 17 a. calcium b. rubidium c. hlorine d. neon e. oxygen Answer: C 53. What species is represented by the following information? p+ = 17 n ° = 18 e- = 18 a. Cl b. Cl- c. Ar d. Ar+ e. Kr f. Answer: B 54. Give the number of electrons for carbon-14, with a -2 charge . a. 7 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 Answer: D 55. Predict the charge that an aluminum ion would have. a. 5- b. 1+ c. 1- d. 2+ e. 3+ Answer: E 56. Predict the charge that the ion formed from bromine would have. a. 1- b. 2+ c. 1+ d. 4+ e. 2- f. Answer: A 57. Which of the following elements is NOT a metal? a. Ba b. Mg c. Xe d. Pb e. Ga Answer: C 58. Which of the following elements is a noble gas? a. Ar b. Br c. N d. O e. K Answer: A 59. Which of the following elements is an alkali metal? a. Zn b. Xe c. F d. Li e. Ca Answer: D 60. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Anions are usually larger than their corresponding atom. b. Metals tend to form cations c. Atoms are usually larger than their corresponding cation. d. The halogens tend to form 1+ ions. e. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons. Answer: D 61. Which of the following does NOT describe a nonmetal? a. Tend to gain electrons b. Found in the upper right hand corner of the periodic table. c. Poor conductor of electricity d. Nonmetals are generally unreactive. e. Poor conductor of heat. Answer: D 62. Silver has an atomic mass of 107. 868 amu. The Ag-109 isotope (108. 905 amu) is 48. 16%. What is the amu of the other isotope? a. 106. 905 amu b. 106. 908 amu c. 106. 903 amu d. D) 106. 911 amu Answer: A 63. Which of the following contains the MOST atoms? You shouldn't need to do a calculation here. a. 10. 0 g Ne b. 10. 0 g He c. 10. 0 g Ar d. 10. 0 g Kr e. 10. 0 g Mg Answer: B 64. How many silver atoms are contained in 3. 75 moles of silver? a. 6. 23 ? 1024 silver atoms b. 2. 26 ? 1024 silver atoms c. 1. 61 ? 1023 silver atoms d. 2. 44 ? 1026 silver atoms e. 6. 50 ? 1025 silver atoms Answer: B 65. How many moles of potassium are contained in 449 g of potassium? a. 11. 5 moles b. 17. 6 moles c. 69. 2 moles d. 23. 9 moles e. 41. 5 moles Answer: A 66. What mass, in kg, does 5. 84 moles of titanium (Ti) have? a. 0. 352 kg b. 0. 122 kg c. 0. 820 kg d. 0. 280 kg e. 0. 632 kg Answer: D 67. How many moles of Cs are contained in 595 kg of Cs? a. 2. 23 ? 102 moles Cs b. 4. 48 ? 103 moles Cs c. 7. 91 ? 104 moles Cs d. 1. 26 ? 103 moles Cs e. 5. 39 ? 102 moles Cs Answer: B 68. How many iron atoms are contained in 354 g of iron? a. 2. 62 ? 1025 Fe atoms b. 2. 13 ? 1026 Fe atoms c. 4. 69 ? 1024 Fe atoms d. 3. 82 ? 1024 Fe atoms . 9. 50 ? 1022 Fe atoms Answer: D 69. Calculate the mass, in kg, of 4. 87 x 1025 atoms of Zn. a. 5. 29 kg b. 1. 89 kg c. 8. 09 kg d. 1. 24 kg e. 1. 09 kg Answer: A Match the following. A) Fe B) C C) Mg D) Si E) K 70. magnesium 71. carbon 72. potassium 73. iron 74. silicon Answers: 70) C 71) B 72) E 73) A 74) D 75. Give the name of the element whose symbol is Na. Answer: sodium 76. An atom of 131Xe contains ________ electrons. a. 131 b. 185 c. 77 d. 123 e. 54 Answer: E 77. An ion has 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons. The symbol for the ion is ________. a. 17O2- b. 17O2+ c. 19F+ d. 19F- e. 17Ne2+ Answer: A 78. How many protons does the Br- ion possess? a. 34 b. 36 c. 6 d. 8 e. 35 Answer: E 79. Predict the charge of the most stable ion of potassium. a. 3+ b. 1- c. 2+ d. 2- e. 1+ Answer: E 80. What is the chemical symbol for mercury? a. Ag b. Au c. Hg d. Pb Answer: C 81. Which are isotopes? An atom that has an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 42 is an isotope of an atom that has a. an atomic number of 21 and a mass number of 42. b. an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 40. c. 22 neutrons and 20 protons. d. 22 protons and 20 neutrons. Answer: B 82. How many protons (p) and neutrons (n) are in an atom of Sr? a. 38 p, 52 n . 38 p, 90 n c. 52 p, 38 n d. 90 p, 38 n Answer: A 83. The mass number of an atom of 128Xe is ________. a. 54 b. 182 c. 74 d. 128 e. 120 Answer: D 84. What is the identity of element Q if the ion Q2+ contains 10 electrons? a. C b. O c. Ne d. Mg Answer: D 85. In which of the following sets do all species have the same number of electrons? a. F-, Ne, Mg2+ b. Ge, Se2-, Br- c. K+, Rb+, Cs+ d. Br, Br-, Br+ Answer: A 86. Argon belongs to the ________ group of the periodic table. a. alkali metal b. alkaline earth metal c. halogen d. noble gas Answer: D 87. Which of the following elements has chemical properties similar to tellurium? . fluorine b. hydrogen c. nitrogen d. sulfur Answer: D 88. An ionic bond is best described as: a. the sharing of electrons. b. the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. c. the attraction that holds the atoms together in a polyatomic ion. d. the attraction between 2 nonmetal atoms. e. the attraction between 2 metal atoms. Answer: B 89. What is the empirical formula for C4H10O2? a. C2H5O b. CHO c. C2H4O d. CHO2 e. CH2O Answer: A 90. Write a possible molecular formula for C4H4O. a. C8H8O2 b. C12H12O2 c. C2H2O d. C8H8O Answer: A 91. Which of the following is an atomic element? a. Br b. H c. N d. O e. Mg Answer: E 92. Which of the following is a molecular element? a. Kr b. Ag c. S d. Mg e. Ti Answer: C 93. Which of the following is a molecular compound? a. CuCl2 b. KCl c. NaNO3 d. CH3Cl e. RbBr f. Answer: D 94. Which of the following is an ionic compound? a. SCl2 b. Mg3(PO4)2 c. Cl2O d. CH2O e. PF5 Answer: B 95. Write the formula for the compound formed between potassium and sulfur. a. KS b. KS2 c. K2S d. K2SO3 e. K3S2 Answer: C 96. Give the name for SnO. a. tin (I) oxide b. tin (II) oxide c. tin (III) oxide d. tin (IV) oxide Answer: B 97. Write the formula for strontium nitride. a. Sr3N2 b. Sr(NO3)2 c. SrN d. Sr2N3 e. Sr(NO2)2 Answer: A 98. Write the name for Sn(SO4)2. Remember that Sn forms several ions. a. tin (I) sulfite b. tin (IV) sulfate c. tin sulfide d. tin (II) sulfite e. tin (I) sulfate Answer: B 99. Determine the name for CoCl2†¢6H2O. Remember that Co forms several ions. a. cobalt chloride hydrate b. cobalt (I) chloride heptahydrate c. cobalt (II) chloride heptahydrate d. cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate e. cobalt (I) chloride Answer: D 100. Write the formula for copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. a. Cu2SO3†¢H5 b. Cu2S†¢H2O c. CuS†¢5H2O d. (CuSO4)5 e. CuSO4†¢5H2O Answer: E 101. Determine the name for H2CO3. a. carbonous acid b. dihydrogen carbonate c. carbonic acid . hydrocarbonic acid e. hydrocarbide acid Answer: C 102. Identify the formula for nitric acid. a. HNO3 b. HNO2 c. HNO d. HNO4 Answer: A 103. Determine the name for P4O10. a. phosphorus (IV) oxide b. diphosphorus pentoxide c. phosphorus oxide d. phosphorus (II) oxide e. tetraphosphorus decoxide Answer: E 104. Calculate the molar mass for Mg(ClO4)2. a. 223. 21 g/mol b. 123. 76 g/mol c. 119. 52 g/mol d. 247. 52 g/mol e. 75. 76 g/mol Answer: A 105. Calculate the molar mass of Al(C2H3O2)3. a. 86. 03 g/mol b. 204. 13 g/mol c. 56. 00 g/mol d. 258. 09 g/mol e. 139. 99 g/mol Answer: B 106. How many millimoles of Ca(NO3)2 contain 4. 8 ? 1022 formula units of Ca(NO3)2? The molar mass of Ca(NO3)2 is 164. 10 g/mol. a. 12. 6 mmol Ca(NO3)2 b. 13. 0 mmol Ca(NO3)2 c. 20. 7 mmol Ca(NO3)2 d. 79. 4 mmol Ca(NO3)2 e. 57. 0 mmol Ca(NO3)2 Answer: D 107. How many C2H4 molecules are contained in 45. 8 mg of C2H4? The molar mass of C2H4 is 28. 05 g/mol. a. 9. 83 ? 1020 C2H4 molecules b. 7. 74 ? 1026 C2H4 molecules c. 2. 71 ? 1020 C2H4 molecules d. 3. 69 ? 1023 C2H4 molecules e. 4. 69 ? 1023 C2H4 molecules Answer: A 108. What is the mass of 9. 44 ? 1024 molecules of NO2? The molar mass of NO2 is 46. 01 g/mol. a. 205 g b. 294 g c. 721 g d. 341 g e. 685 g Answer: C 109. Calculate the mass percent composition of sulfur in Al2(SO4)3. a. 28. 12 % b. 9. 372 % c. 42. 73 % d. 21. 38 % e. 35. 97 % Answer: A 110. How many moles of N2O3 contain 2. 55 ? 1024 oxygen atoms? (change the molecule) a. 1. 41 moles N2O3 b. 4. 23 moles N2O3 c. 12. 7 moles N2O3 d. 7. 87 moles N2O3 e. 2. 82 moles N2O3 Answer: A 111. How many moles of PCl3 contain 3. 68 ? 1025 chlorine atoms? a. 61. 1 moles PCl3 b. 20. 4 moles PCl3 c. 16. 4 moles PCl3 d. 54. 5 moles PCl3 e. 49. 1 moles PCl3 Answer: B 112. How many sodium ions are contained in 99. 6 mg of Na2SO3? The molar mass of Na2SO3 is 126. 05 g/mol. a. 1. 52 ? 1027 sodium ions . 4. 76 ? 1020 sodium ions c. 2. 10 ? 1021 sodium ions d. 1. 05 ? 1021 sodium ions e. 9. 52 ? 1020 sodium ions Answer: E 113. Determine the volume of hexane that contains 5. 33 ? 1022 molecules of hexane. The density of hexane is 0. 6548 g/mL and its molar mass is 86. 17 g/mol. a. 8. 59 mL b. 13. 5 mL c. 7. 40 mL d. 12. 4 mL e. 11. 6 mL Answer: E 114. Determine the molecular formula of a compound that has a molar mass of 92. 0 g/mol and an empirical formula of NO2. a. N2O3 b. N3O6 c. N2O4 d. NO2 e. N2O5 Answer: C 115. Determine the empirical formula for a compound that is 36. 86% N and 63. 14% O by mass. a. NO b. N2O c. NO2 d. N2O3 e. NO3 Answer: D 116. Write a balanced equation to show the reaction of gaseous ethane with gaseous oxygen to form carbon monoxide gas and water vapor. a. 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) > 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) b. C2H6(g) + 5 O(g) > 2 CO(g) + 3 H2O(g) c. 2 C2H6(g) + 5 O2(g) > 4 CO(g) + 6 H2O(g) d. C2H6(g) + 7 O(g) > 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g) e. 2 CH3(g) + 5 O(g) > 2 CO(g) + 3 H2O(g) Answer: C 117. Which of the following is one possible form of pentane? a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 e. CH3CH2-O-CH2CH2CH3 Answer: A 118. List the elements in a hydrocarbon Answer: hydrogen and carbon 119. What type of bonding is found in the compound OF2? a. covalent bonding b. hydrogen bonding c. ionic bonding d. metallic bonding Answer: A 120. In which set do all elements tend to form cations in binary ionic compounds? a. K, Ga, O b. Sr, Ni, Hg c. N, P, Bi d. O, Br, I Answer: B 121. Rb2S is named a. rubidium disulfide. b. rubidium sulfide. c. rubidium(II) sulfide. d. rubidium sulfur. Answer: B 122. An aqueous solution of H2S is named a. hydrosulfuric acid. b. hydrosulfurous acid. c. sulfuric acid. d. sulfurous acid. Answer: A 123. What is the molar mass of nitrogen gas? a. 14. 0 g/mol b. 28. 0 g/mol c. 6. 02 ? 1023 g/mol d. 1. 20 ? 023 g/mol Answer: B 124. What mass of carbon dioxide, C O2, contains the same number of molecules as 3. 00 g of trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F? a. 0. 106 g b. 0. 961 g c. 1. 04 g d. 9. 37 g e. Answer: B 125. Which of the following has the greatest mass? a. 3. 88 ? 1022 molecules of O2 b. 1. 00 g of O2 c. 0. 0312 mol of O2 d. All of the above have the same mass. Answer: A 126. A sample of pure calcium fluoride with a mass of 15. 0 g contains 7. 70 g of calcium. How much calcium is contained in 40. 0 g of calcium fluoride? a. 2. 27 g b. 7. 70 g c. 15. 0 g d. 20. 5 g Answer: D 127. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 62. % C, 10. 4% H, and 27. 5% O by mass? a. C3HO b. C6HO3 c. C6H12O2 d. C5H10O2 e. C3H6O Answer: E 128. How many oxygen atoms are there in 7. 00 g of sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7? a. 0. 187 oxygen atoms b. 2. 30 ? 1021 oxygen atoms c. 1. 60 ? 1022 oxygen atoms d. 1. 13 ? 1023 oxygen atoms Answer: D 129. Methane and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. What mass of water is formed if 0. 80 g of methane reacts with 3. 2 g of oxygen to produce 2. 2 g of carbon dioxide? a. 1. 8 g b. 2. 2 g c. 3. 7 g d. 4. 0 g Answer: A 130. Combustion analysis of 1. 200 g of an unknown compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen produced 2. 86 g of CO2 and 1. 134 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? a. C2H5O b. C2H5O2 c. C2H10O3 d. C3H8O2 Answer: D 131. What is the stoichiometric coefficient for oxygen when the following equation is balanced using the lowest, whole-number coefficients? _____ C2H6O (l) + _____ O2(g) > _____ CO2(g) + _____ H2O(l) a. 9 b. 7 c. 5 d. 3 Answer: D 132. Calcium phosphate reacts with sulfuric acid to form calcium sulfate and phosphoric acid. What is the coefficient for sulfuric acid when the equation is balanced using the lowest, whole-numbered coefficients? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. none of these Answer: C

Is Macbeth a true tragic hero? Essay

Amongst all of Shakespeare’s tragedies, Macbeth is the most inconsistent and fragmented. Like the mental state of the protagonist, the tragic structure of the play is in disarray from the very onset. According to Aristotle, all tragedies must follow a certain set of characteristics, and the most important of these is the presence of a tragic hero. This tragic hero must possess a tragic flaw, or hamartia, which is a good quality taken to such an extreme that it now exhibits immoral behaviour from the hero. He must also draw sympathy of his plight from the audience. Macbeth, although the protagonist, is not a tragic hero because he does not possess this hamartia. This significant absence of a flaw leads to his actions being without justification, drawing no sympathy from the audience. Because Lady Macbeth’s love for Macbeth acts as a tragic flaw by ultimately bringing about her downfall and extracting a great amount of sympathy from the audience, she exhibits attributes m ore tragically heroic than Macbeth. Macbeth is the protagonist of Macbeth because the play is inexorably tied to his actions. A protagonist is defined as â€Å"the leading character of a literary work†. In Shakespearean tragedies, the protagonist must also be from the nobility and possess exceptional character and vitality. One need not look farther than the title to determine Macbeth’s importance in the play. While the title does not necessarily provide fair judgement of content, Shakespeare has an uncanny habit of titling his tragedies with the name of the protagonist: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, Julius Caesar and Othello are examples. As the play commences, farther evidence of Macbeth’s importance is apparent through the witches’ subject in the very first scene: â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth† (I.i.7). It is for Macbeth that they will gather upon the heath, and he upon whom their efforts will be focused. In the next scene, Macbeth’s nobility is confirmed through Duncan’s heartfelt â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman!† (I.ii.24). The exclamatory nature of this sentence testifies Duncan’s affiliation with, and high regard for, Macbeth. After the victorious battle, Ross describes Macbeth as â€Å"Bellona’s bridegroom† (I.ii.54), an allusion meaning the husband of the Goddess of War, thus establishing him to be of exceptional character and vitality. Macbeth’s role as the protagonist is therefore legitimized through other’s perception of him and his own noble character. While Macbeth is the protagonist and therefore meant to be the tragic hero, the glaring absence of a tragic flaw in his character prevents his recognition as thus. A tragic flaw must be a good quality taken to such an extreme that it now exhibits immoral behaviour. Macbeth has many flaws, a hunger for power and a belief of superiority among them, yet none of these are tragic flaws because they do not have the ability to be virtuous qualities. This leaves ambition and imagination as the main competitors. Ambition cannot be Macbeth’s tragic flaw because he recognizes it in his confusion soliloquy even before he kills Duncan:I have no spurTo prick the sides of my intent, but onlyVaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself,And falls on the other. (I.vii.25-28)When Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth’s intentions right after the deliverance of this soliloquy, the recognition of his ambition leads him to a decisive â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business† (I. vii.31). The reason he later kills Duncan is because Lady Macbeth appeals not to his ambitious nature, but to his pride. She accuses him of being â€Å"a coward in [his] own esteem† (I.vii.43) and weak in manliness: â€Å"†¦you would/Be so much more the man† (I.vii.50-51). It is not ambition, but a wounded pride and an inbred impulse to unquestioningly follow his wife that leads Macbeth to finally commit the deed that ultimately brings about his downfall. Yet pride is also not his tragic flaw because it does not spur any of his other great crimes. While pride triggers, but is not the cause of, Macbeth’s downfall, an active imagination is not the tragic flaw because it merely serves as an instrument to illustrate that a character is in a confused state of mind. Macbeth is self-doubting all through the first three acts of the play; in his lines following the witches’ initial prophecies, he states â€Å"Come what come may† (I.iii.146), portraying his lack of wilful decisiveness. Yet after the witches’ second set of prophecies, he takes decisive measures to â€Å"crown [his] thoughts with acts† (IV.i.149), and his imagination vanishes. Similarly, Lady Macbeth’s first statement of â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be/What thou art promis’d† (I.v.15-16) establishes her steely resolve. She is practical and untroubled by any visions. When she realizes the extent of the damage she has caused, however, her imagination takes full reign. In the sleepwalking scene, she is depicted as a broken figure,  tormented by imaginative hallucinations. In both cases, imagination comes along when the character is in a disorderly state of mind; therefore, imagination, like ambition, is not Macbeth’s tragic flaw, testifying that Macbeth does not possess one and therefore is unrecognizable as a tragic hero. Macbeth’s lack of such a flaw deems all his heinous actions without justification, and as a result, draws no sympathy from the audience. The blame for his lapse in character can be placed upon nothing but his own non-tragic flaws. He is depicted as a cowardly man: he kills Duncan because of his inability to make decisions for himself; Banquo out of paranoia: â€Å"our fears in Banquo/stick deep† (III.i.49-50) he says, before ordering the murderers to kill his former friend; and Lady Macduff and her son out of spite: his true quarrel is with Macduff, however as he realizes that the nobleman has escaped his clutches, he proceeds to â€Å"give to the edge o’ the sword/[Macduff’s] wife [and] his babes† (IV.i.151-152). Macbeth’s central desire, the want to safely be king, is born of nothing more than despicable cowardice. The audience gets a sense of this despicability in Macbeth’s character firstly through the witches’ mention of hi m: â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth† (I.i.7). By associating him with the witches so early, Shakespeare foreshadows Macbeth’s later affiliation with them. Lady Macbeth recognizes cowardice and ineptitude in Macbeth: she calls him â€Å"Infirm of purpose!† when he is unable to carry out the plan of killing Duncan to her perfection. It seems that Shakespeare attempts a sympathy-inducing endeavour through Macbeth’s â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood/Clean from my hand?† (II.ii.60-61). This attempt backfires however, because instead of showing Macbeth in a remorseful light, the irrepressible imagery of blood only serves to farther exemplify the wrongs he has wrought and how disastrous they are to his moral being. As the plot furthers, Macbeth’s crimes pile up, from belittlement, to hypocrisy, to bare-faced lying, and finally to treacherous murders. Even in catharsis he is despicable; his first words upon realizing the truth about the witches are â€Å"Accursed be that tongue that tells me so† (V.viii.17), cursing others instead of himself for the dreadful deeds he has committed. This is not pitiful, but repulsive. These crimes all sprout from the regicide at the beginning, and since this  first terrible crime lacked purpose, the others do so too. From the very onset, Lady Macbeth is sharply contrasted with Macbeth because she possesses this purpose, driven forward by her love for Macbeth. This love is her tragic flaw because it leads to her ultimate downfall. She does not want Macbeth to be king because of some ulterior motive; she wants it for his benefit. Nowhere in her first soliloquy, in which she speaks to herself and need not hide her true thoughts, does she mention the want of greatness for herself; instead, she refers to Macbeth and says, â€Å"Thou wouldst be great† (I.v.18) and â€Å"Thou ‘ldst have [the crown]† (I.v.22), proving her loyalty to Macbeth’s cause for his sake. She proceeds then to call upon â€Å"spirits/That tend on mortal thoughts† (I.v.40-41) to rid her of all kindness, gentleness, sensitivity, sweetness, and pity that accompanies her womanly nature, all the better to kill Duncan. This is not a small sacrifice on her part, as seen later through the repercussions it has on her conscience. After Macbeth becomes king and begins isolating Lady Macbeth, the once resolute woman is portrayed as a powerless being, unable to survive without the husband that once loved but now alienates her: â€Å"why do you keep alone?† (III.ii.8) she asks him after having to request a meeting to speak with him. During the banquet, she is seen to jeopardize her reputation as a graceful hostess to protect Macbeth: â€Å"Stand not upon the order of your going,/But go at once† (III.iv.85), she says to the noblemen. It is Lady Macbeth’s tragedy that she sacrifices so much for the love of a husband that will not confide in her anymore, and this love is much more sorrowful than the alleged tragedy of Macbeth, which is born from his cowardice. Because her tragic flaw is something pure and good, her demise is so heartbreaking, so utterly tragic, that it draws an unequalled amount of audience sympathy. The infamous Sleepwalking Scene, the last presence of Lady Macbeth in the play, shows that she has reached the very bottom of the pit of tragic downfall that she started falling down at the beginning of Act III. It is a reflection of her mental and emotional state that she speaks in prose instead of iambic pentameter in this entire scene. While Macbeth, previously occupied by horrible hallucinations, has now dulled his ability for feeling horror, Lady Macbeth has done the opposite. This role-reversal  leaves her in a state of severe trauma, exposing her inner thoughts and feelings. The gentlewoman’s words of â€Å"This is [Lady Macbeth’s] very guise, and, upon my life, fast asleep† (V.i.20-21) depict Lady Macbeth’s trauma as being so great that she cannot escape it even in sleep. This is decidedly more sympathy-inducing than Macbeth, who, the last we saw of him, had ordered the brutal murders of an innocent lady and her unguarded son (IV.i.150-154). While Macbeth seems intent upon bloodying his hands remorselessly at every opportunity, it is ironic that Lady Macbeth vigorously rubs her hand to get them rid of Duncan’s blood: â€Å"It is an accustomed action with [Lady Macbeth], to be seen thus washing her hands† (V.i.29-30). This irony excites audience pity for Lady Macbeth as she is clearly disillusioned and has reached her tragic recognition much earlier and more genuinely than Macbeth does. The imagery of blood that is present throughout the play now reaches a climax as well: Lady Macbeth’s obsession with her figuratively blood-stained hand is revealed through her anguished cry of â€Å"Out damned spot!† (V.i.35); she rhetorically asks, â€Å"Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?† (V.i.39-40), then notes that â€Å"the smell of the blood† (V.i.50) is still rampant. This blood symbolizes the guilt that she is burdened with, even years after the murder she helped orchestrate, contrasted with the remorselessness of Macbeth. The gentlewoman, innocent of the crime her lady has committed, still says, â€Å"I would not have such a heart in my bosom for the dignity of the whole body† (V.i.54-55). It can be deduced that the status-deprived gentlewoman does not wish to have the status of a queen if it means feeling the sorrow of Lady Macbeth. This clearly illustrates that our heroine, the true tragic character of the play, is very broken, only because of the great love she has for her husband. Love is not a crime, and this makes her predicament all the more sympathetic. Macbeth is clearly a tragedy, yet it is tragic more because of the role of Lady Macbeth than that of Macbeth himself. The love that propels her change from a strong, sensible character to one overwrought with guilt is much more tragic than Macbeth’s character change, propagated by his cowardice and incompetence. In a play about disorder and ambiguity, where â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair† (I.i.11), it is only fitting that the role of the tragic  hero is also clearly ambiguous. It seems that Shakespeare involved himself so much in creating perfect ambiguity that he let the tragic structure of the play become quite ambiguous as well. Bibliography Agnes, Michael, ed. Webster’s New World College Dictionary. 4th ed. Foster City: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 2001. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Mississauga: Canadian School Book Exchange, 1996.

Architecture of Al Andalus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Architecture of Al Andalus - Essay Example The exposure to these buildings helped eliminate the previous prejudices, and valuing the art in respect to Islamic architecture, which is prevalent in Islamic countries and cities. The existence of an autonomous territory during the caliphate period called Ath-Thagr al-ala led to the use of the terms Thagr or Zagri to define the Islamic architecture in Aragon (Anderson and Rosser-Owen 73). The cultural manifestation of religion, nation and ethnic movement is expressed intensely in the city especially a strong sense of orientalism. One of the major contributors to the change in the architecture is mobility of the Islamic culture. The mobility led to the realization of orientation and freedom. The developed of attraction led to the increase in travelers which brought about change as a result of new intellectual artist arriving in the city. The combination of the Islamic and the Spanish Islamic culture in Al-Andalusia is an indication of the existence of movement between the towns and the integration of the various forms of architecture in designing of houses in the area (Eaves 165). However, the Spanish Islamic architecture has not been clearly studied leading to serious challenges in the evaluation of the changes in the new designs. The presence of the Caliphal art with formal characteristics of the mosque-Aljama of Cordova indicates the existence of integration between different forms of culture and architecture (Eaves 167). During the 10th and 11th century, systemic use of masonry and elegant use of Caliphal fabric was common because many inhabitants used horse shoe arch or the lobeled arc in the design process. However, the incorporation of the Granada kingdom into the Castile kingdom under the supervision of King Aragon Ferdinand led to the protection of all the Moslem building in Granada (Barnet 78). The approach

The Tale of Two Cities Book the Third Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Tale of Two Cities Book the Third - Essay Example Dickens brings both his beginning and ending together in this way, making the entire novel itself a double. Carlton, who himself is a double with Darnay, recognizes that his sacrifice is far, far better than the selfish life he has led, and that it provides him with a chance at resurrection, another theme of the novel. Darnay is what Carlton has failed to become, but by the end of the novel, Carlton’s goodness has surpassed Darnay’s. Dickens continues this particular double with the prophecy that Darnay and Lucie will have another child—a son, whom they will name after Carlton and whom will become the kind of person Carlton did not become in his lifetime. Their daughter, â€Å"Little Lucie,† is also a double, of her mother. Darnay is arrested not once, but twice, before Carlton is executed in his place. Other characters in this novel are also doubles: the loving and nurturing Lucie as opposed to the hateful and murderous Madame Defarge, for example, which underscores his themes. It can be said, with good evidence, that doubles is Dickens’ main motif he uses in this novel. The entire novel is constructed as one big double, making the emotional impact even more powerful. Dickens is a genius, both in the way he constructs this novel, and in the way he presents his characters and themes, throughout the entire novel and especially in the third and final part.

John Leonard Vs. Pepsi Co Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Leonard Vs. Pepsi Co - Case Study Example Based on this information, it is easy to conclude that there was no written agreement between the two parties. Furthermore, on legal grounds, the advertisement cannot substantiate the plaintiff’s claim that an offer was made. On these grounds, PepsiCo is liable for nothing. The next question is whether Pepsi actually made an offer. When you take such postulates into consideration, it creates a lot of ambiguity about the commercial being an actual offer. In the catalog that PepsiCo issued, the jet was not included as one of the gifts which could be collected. Thus the ad was not an offer, largely because it was not included in the Pepsi Stuff Catalogue that provides further information about the Pepsi Points program. Furthermore, the law on such issues is that if an offer is made that is clearly meant to be a joke and interpreted as such by an objective standard; it does not constitute a binding offer. Thus, PepsiCo again is safe on these grounds. However, John Leonard interpreted the ad as an actual offer and tried to capitalize on it. Based on our conclusion, the plaintiff’s understanding of the commercial as an offer should be rejected because the courts would find that no objective person could reasonably have concluded that the commercial act ually offered consumers a reward of a Harrier Jet. Moving on to the infamous call made by Leonard regarding the details of the offer, he was informed about the procedure of amassing Pepsi points, and at no time was he corroborated that he would receive a Harrier Jet. PepsiCo had already put this in writing in its catalog, both on how to gather points and what would be up for grabs. Hence, Leonard’s call seems to have no legal significance except for that fact that they imply a favor in Pepsi’s camp. But let’s adopt a new vantage point, one that reflects the views of the plaintiff.

Business Report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business - Lab Report Example As it is seen, the most of customers are between 31 and 50 years (58 %). The same percentage of customers are 20-30 years old and 51-60 years old (15 % and 18 % respectively). 9 % of the customers are older than 60. The same approach is used to estimate the percent frequency for the net sales. The minimum sale is 13.23 $, and the maximum sale is 287.59 $. Ten bins are defined and COUNTIF Excel function was used to determine the percent frequency distribution. The results are presented in the Table 4. 3. To get a cross tabulation of type of customer (regular or promotional) versus net sales it is necessary to separate net sales for these two groups and than define frequency for the established bins. As it is seen from the table for each sales region, the number of customers is greater for the group of promotional customers. The difference between two groups increases with the increase of net sales amount. For instance, the net sales for the region 13-40 $ is 1.7 times greater for the group of promotional customers; more than two times greater for the regions 40.01-68 $ and 68.01-96 $; and three times greater for the range 96.01-180 $. Net sales greater than 180 $ are only in the group of the promotional customers. The most of sales was made for the sum less than 124 $. Within this range, two times more sales were made in the group of the promotional customers. The following conclusions can be made based on the results of the statistical analysis. Most of customers are married women between 30-50 years and use Proprietary Card as a preferable payment method. More than a half of customers buy 1-2 items, and, typically the purchase amount is less than 124 $. As the promotional coupons were not sent to the regular clients, the promotion attracted more clients that are new. The amount of net sales for the group of the promotional customers is more than 2 times greater than for the group of the regular customers. Discounts also attracted the

Reaction paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Reaction paper - Assignment Example In essence, his memories were also buried alive within him, as Azucena was in the rubble. The first night, Carlà © â€Å"kept talking in the darkness, to assure her that he was still there and to overcome the menace of uncertainty† (Allende 324). However, the next day, slowly but surely his past comes back haunting him, and â€Å"the torrent of all that had lain hidden in the deepest and most secret layers of memory poured out† (Allende 327). Though he could not talk to the girl about it all, while he lay there consoling the girl, Carlà © was forced to relive and confront his past. Throughout his life as an adult, Carlà © had attempted to bury his painful memories of growing up in an abusive household where his father not only mistreated him and his mother, but also his mentally disabled sister. The humiliation he suffered at his hands, or the pain he received when he saw his mother’s humiliation, had been buried deeply within himself. His life as a journalist fared no better either. Witness to the atrocities of war, and genocide, he could not make peace with life in a world where people were so cruel to each other. With his self-made professional sojourn, whereby he lay in wait with the girl, hoping for her to be rescued or for some help to come, he was forced to face his past. He discovered that all the demons that he had buried, all his painful memories, had not died or diminished with time. In fact, they had been alive within him. In essence, buried alive like the girl, Azucena, was in front of him. Her suffering caused him to remember his own, and he ended up having to confront and battle his painful past. The ordeal changed him completely, as did the death of the girl, causing him to be â€Å"not the same man† (Allende 331). Not only had he to deal with his past, but the death of the innocent young girl, caused by the bureaucratic inefficiencies of the country. However, he had to face these demons he had buried alive within himself, as he had to

Statement of Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Statement of Purpose - Essay Example In addition, this paper will pay attention to the critical financial policies at native country with a view of establishing a stock market that is currently non-existent. Moreover, the focus of the studies is to examine how theoretical financial knowledge can be used to enhance growth in the financial sector. Additionally, a close focus on building relevant knowledge and skills that would spur economic growth to a desirable level will receive prominence. Also, attention will be given to enhancing the work experience to new graduates in order to bridge the gap between theoretical foundation and practical reality within the finance sector. In addition, today there is a great financial transformation that that requires constant research and expertise that is provided for through further studies. The financial challenges in any economy continue to mount every day, for instance, Angola faces threats of the imbalance trade so as many other developing countries. As a responsible finance specialist, the focus is to explore possible financial solutions that face the third world nations. In addition, the knowledge gained should translate to better and competent financial policies that would open doors for economic prosperity. It is sad that knowledge and skills obtained at graduate has done little to improve our local financial policies. This work will attempt to give a new dimension to the relevance of finance graduate

Hurricane Katrina Rescue Efforts Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hurricane Katrina Rescue Efforts - Term Paper Example On 25th August 2005, the landfall took place in Florida and was estimated to be of category 1. As it was moving towards the tip of Florida winds were observed to lower down but then it again gained the force when it moved ahead to Mexico. Increased force was observed through the movement of Katrina as it was travelling towards west and then North. The conditions of atmosphere and surface of the sea turned the storm into a disastrous hurricane by 26th afternoon. The force of the hurricane continued and attained utmost wind speed on 28TH August and further reached to the category 4 level when reached to south on 29th August regardless of dry air.(Vigdor 136) Hurricane Katrina-The Impacts Hurricane Katrina was one of the strongest storms in United States thus it caused extraordinary terrible destructions all over the states of the Gulf Coast. Loss of Life When the first landfall of Katrina took place its strength was of category 1and 11 deaths were noted at that time. It then extended t o category 5 where actual number of deaths is still unknown but reported 1836 by some reports. While 705 people are reportedly missing since then. (Petterson 645) Floods The blend of tough winds, storm and heavy rains caused crack in the earthen levee leaving New Orleans under 20ft of flood water. Other cities also face about 20-30ft of flood till days after the landfall. (Petterson 648) Economy Oil industry faced a lot of distraction because the oil assembly in Mexico was abridged by 95% per day due to which gasoline prices reached its peak. On the other hand people lost their properties too and it was reported that $81 billion is the cost of property scratches. Thousands of people were left unemployed after the Hurricane.(Petterson 651) Power Loss More than 1.7 million citizens were facing power shortage till several weeks and it was not possible to repair it due to the effects of disastrous hurricane.(Petterson 653) Loss of Infrastructure Katrina Hurricane caused airports to be f looded, bridges were destroyed, small roads were underwater and highways were not in a condition to be crossed. The condition was unbearable and people were badly stuck as there was no way out. (Petterson 655) Hurricane Katrina-Relief Efforts United States’ Government, people of United States and the Governments of other countries jointly participated in the relief efforts of the Hurricane. More than ten thousand volunteers served not only at the time of rescuing people but even after the hurricane when shelters were set up in many states for the effected people. More than 15000 people were houseless and needed shelter and food. (Vigdor 137) At the time of landfall around 34000 people were rescued in New Orleans by the Coast Guard, citizens’ leaded boats and tendered shelter, water and food to the people.(Vigdor 139). Federal Emergency Management was however not well prepared for the disaster but prepared shelters in various states for the refugees later on and made al l possible efforts in order to fulfill their needs. Donations were provided by more than 70 countries across the world in order to provide relief assistance to the effected people. The largest donation of $500 million was made by the government of Qatar while others also contributed whole heartedly. (Vigdor 149). Disaster Medical Assistance Team was formed in Atlanta and Houston.

Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Diabetes - Essay Example According to the World Health Organization, a child is only susceptible to acquiring diabetes genetically from parents if both have the same type. However, is important to not that this depends on the age of which the parents acquired the disease. Therefore, if my grandparents are diabetic, the possibility of my parents being diabetic and ultimately me joining the group is limited. Nevertheless, there are various things I can do to ensure, I do not fall victim of the fatal disease. First is to undergo a thorough medical test to ascertain gene probability, as well as the blood sugar levels. Indeed, information from this test will play an imperative role in mainstreaming my lifestyle and status. Proper treatment of diabetes depends on how early it is detected. Second is to change my eating habits as well as lifestyle in general. In many cases, non-diabetic people become patients of the disease because of poor habit. In addition, poor eating habits also trigger high sugar levels hence making people culpable to the dangerous and fast consuming disease. Certainly, a good diet with moderate sugar constituents allows the body to produce average insulin that promotes a healthy life. Bad eating habits encourage diseases like obesity, which can also attract other complications such as hypertension. Undoubtedly, consistent testing and medical check-ups also play a significant role in keeping one healthy. Therefore, to prevent the maturity onset disease, I have to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Road Design Essay Example for Free

Road Design Essay Due to the fast development of many countries like Japan, there is a significant increase in number of manufactured vehicles and these vehicles may come from different prices that can be purchased by any people. But this increase had been responsible on the formation of the word traffic which means congested vehicles in the road. Traffic is the term used by many of us when experiencing jam packed vehicles where there is no or little movement of this mobile medium. Traffic happens in every street in the world even those industrialized countries. It is often observed on crunch time like seven o’clock in the mourning or five in the afternoon because these are the time of the day when people are mostly in the street to go to office, school or go to their houses (Ewing, 2001). It is not only the motorists sector that can be blame because of traffic jam because there are many factors to be considered why traffic jam occurs in the road. One factor to be tae into consideration is the road. It is self explanatory because this is where vehicles go by. For this paper, we will try to look on the road factor that can be a solution on traffic jam. Moreover, the design of road will be taken into consideration which has the main objective of lessening traffic situations. METHODOLOGY Road design will cover all the necessary procedures that will lead not only to comfortable and safe driving but also giving a solution on traffic calming (Ewing, 2001). First to tackle in this paper is the engineering factor. To construct a road, the foundation or soil must be firm enough to stand the compression stress brought by the weight of vehicles. Survey must be conducted first prior to the construction of the road to ensure strength of the foundation. If the ground is not stiff enough to stand the compact force, the road maybe damaged compromising the quality of the constructed road. If this happens, then traffic may arise because vehicles may not pass the road in a better and nicer route (TAC, 1999). The next factor that is part of the design is the materials to be used in the construction. It is very important to consider that the materials must comply with the national standards. This is to ensure the quality and safety factor of the newly constructed road. The road must be wide enough to facilitate the volume of vehicles passing a particular road. After the road has been constructed, the next part to be discussed is the road signals. These signs ease the flow of traffic because these are steps to follow for a harmonious flow of vehicles in the road. It is very important to remind the motorists that these road signs are not useful if motorist will not obey these road signs (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). Put a board sign that specify the name of the roads and streets so that drivers can follow the directions thus minimizing confusion among the drivers. The information that are very important in a sign boards are, the name of the street, the distance from a place to another place, directions of intersections and other sign like no parking, no jaywalking and many others. The sign board are located in such a way that every driver whether the driver has big or small vehicles, see to it that it can be seen by the driver’s naked eye. It can be situated on top of a post and being hanged. Signs are also present in the road itself. These sign, that are mostly painted, guides the motorists or in somehow communicate to have a fast flow of traffic and improving the safety factor. These pavement markings must comply with the set of standards to minimize confusion on drivers (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). Stoplights must be present in any road especially on intersections. This is to signal the vehicles from a given route to stop, go or get ready. But most traffic incidences can be observed on intersections because there are four opposing routes that goes in just one passage. One solution for this problem is the construction of a flyover that will facilitate a one pair of route. We know that there are four routes that want to pass an intersection, but in flyover, the four will be grouped into two making the four groups into two only. In this way, traffic will be minimized. And the last factor is the design of allocating different kinds of vehicles to behave in the street. There are public utility vehicle that transport public people from place to place. When loading or unloading their passengers, there must be a specific place where the driver can do these and not anywhere in the road (The Korea Transport Institute, 2006). The design of road just not only covers the physical or engineering aspect but more importantly are the laws that will favor the good flow of traffic and safety. These laws include, not allowing motorists to park their vehicles in the street. This will create a narrow road for the passage of other vehicles. There must be a strict enforcement so that motorists will obey traffic rules (TAC, 1999). ANALYSIS OF DATA After constructing the road and has the characteristics presented from the previous paragraphs, the next thing to do is to analyze the traffic condition. This is to determine whether the road achieved the main objective of this study which is to lessen traffic. For the data gathering, one must observed the road in terms of number of vehicles that was able to pass by on the road. The time of observation must include crunch time which is seven in the morning and five in the afternoon. The observation must be done everyday for one month. The data gathered must be compared to standard which determine whether traffic occur. FORMAT For the format of the result and discussion, the raw data must be presented first. In this part, some statistical analysis may be included to increase the reliability of the result of the study. The result and discussion part will include the data from the start of the study until the last day. There must be also a comparison between a road that was not constructed in accordance to the characteristics above and a road the followed all the factors above.

English Literature Essay Example for Free

English Literature Essay Any debate of the English novel through the Romantic era essentially begins and ends in inconsistency, particularly when one also thinks curricular, instructive and canonical matters as they are mirrored in undergraduate and graduate course assistance at colleges and universities. First, the main remarkably canonised era of mid-era, Jane Austen, is usually observed more as a modern eighteenth-century era than as a definitively Romantic one. Next, possibly the most productive of the era, Sir Walter Scott rarely appears in any but the most comprehensive or sequentially constrained reviews of the English novel. Third, the occurrence of Mary Shelleys permanently well-liked Frankenstein in the educational prospectus often replicates on one hand the longing to take in women more obviously in the standard, and on the other the desire amid numerous teacher/scholars to leave their subjects in Romantic poetry with an available work of writing style fiction whose resemblances with that poetry are equally clear and convincing. Ultimately, Gothic novels, whose flourish of fame peaked through the Romantic era, are normally demoted to the fringe of the fiction sight, their existence recognized by the fictional-significant equal of the addition at family vacation meals of the poor family members who have to eat in the back room. In brief, the Romantic novel has regularly appeared to be a non-body devoid evenly of noticeably thriving practitioners and of any definable keen readership, either two hundred years ago or nowadays. When Frances Burney in 1778, published her first novel, Evelina, her foreword believes a male voice, and, though it admits that eras are usually contempt, inquires that this novel should be read in view of Rousseau, Johnson, Marivaux, Fielding, Richardson and Smollett, a pantheon which unites knowledge expressiveness pitiable powers humour and hilarity (and, certainly, personifies these virtues within an completely masculine authority) (Burney, 1970). Merely 23 years afterwards in 1801, Maria Edgeworths alike foreword to her early novel Belinda results a civilizing sea-change. Similar to Burney, Edgeworth is apprehensive concerning maintaining the eminence of an era, calling the scripture but a moral Tale. Not like Burney, though, Edgeworth writes unmistakably as a woman, and permits her name to show on the title page. Like Burney, she commands up in her own hold up a pantheon of precursors, but as Burney refuges at the back of affectionate power, Edgeworths pantheon is comprised of â€Å"Dr Moore ,Madame de Crousaz, Mrs Inchbald, Miss Burney, and Mrs Inchbald. An innovative representation of female authorship and certainly authority has appeared: and the author who most assisted this new representation was Burney herself. The publication of Evelina and its two descendants, Cecilia (1782) and Camilla (1796), established Burneys status as an epoch whose effort was not only enjoyable but also, significantly, ethically sound. La Belle Assemblà ©e in 1806 admires her as equally a pragmatist and a moralist, presenting an accurate picture of life in a realistic form. These identical assertions are constantly heard in talks of Burney. The 13 year old Elizabeth Benger in The Female Geniad admires Burney for a novel art which [e]ngages curiosity, and affects the heart, and for humour, wit and satire, but most significantly, Throughout the whole, morality presides, / Fair purity, the pen of Burney guides (Benger: 51). Robert Bissets anti-Jacobin Douglas: or, the Highlander dedicates a complete chapter to an appraisal of Ann Radcliffe, Charlotte Smith and Burney. Burney suggested initially just for not being a democrat (Bisset: III, 304), but is afterwards more generously admired for deep insight into human nature (Bisset: III, 311), and most momentous lessons of the best ethics and morals, tending to make the reader wiser, stronger and better (Bisset: III, 312). Bisset ends that where Radcliffe was mainly renowned by liveliness of fancy and Smith by softness of feeling, Burneys unique characters are depth, strength, and completeness of perceptive (Bisset: III, 315). Eighteenth-century England was a mans world. Englishmen did not pretend otherwise, would it have not happened as such. They accepted their authority as result of the natural order. Men governed the nation, made and dispensed its laws, and controlled its purse strings. They wholeheartedly embraced as their national symbol the figure of John Bull, a lusty, blunt and gruff, beef-eating yeoman whose very name suggests the stereotypical ideal of male power. More than a sheer picture to be employed for polemical purposes on the international scene, this dominating national self-image revealed the values and principles that motivated the British nation. According to the historian Linda Colley: There was a sensein which the British envisioned themselves as a basically masculine society-pretend, up-front, logical, and realistic to the degree of becoming philistine bogged down in an everlasting opposition with an basically effeminate France delicate, rationally deceitful, overwhelmed with high style, fine cooking and manners, and so fanatical towards sex that boudoir politics was made to guide it. (Colley, 1992, p. 252) Such attitudes assured the marginalisation of women in public life. Exclusion, perhaps, might be a more suitable phrase. In the arts, excluding literature, women were virtually nonexistent; few names, indeed, have made their way into the histories of painting, sculpture, music, or architecture for the period. Even in literature their contributions were and lasted to be for a long time either denigrated or ignored. Until near the closing of the century, women writers drew scornful comments from male contemporaries. The writing misses of Gothic legends at the ending of the century remained targets for scathing comments that rated their work on a par with that of printers devils. The very character of a feminine author was the object of suspicion. All but ostracised from the arts, women were no more present in the judiciary, politics, science, industry, or business. They simply had no vacancy in the common world of eighteenth-century men whose very retreats from their laboursclubs, taverns, and coffeehouses-were sanctuaries free of the presence of the feminine gender. If ones self-image helps determine success in life, eighteenth-century women were clearly doomed to failure. Wherever they turned in their society, they were found to be shown as weak and defenceless creatures, occupied mainly with the most frivolous activities, and dependent, like pets or children, upon men for support and guidance. Their silliness called for gentle chiding; their extravagance demanded sterner reproaches; and their emotional excesses, particularly suggestive of sexual feelings, called forth the severest rebukes. Periodicals and conduct books especially present a clear and no doubt dependable view of the image of women, an image created by men but generally shared by both genders in the society. As early as Joseph Addison and Richard Steele Spectator, periodical writers portray the feminine gender as attractive but essentially weak-minded, victims of foolishness, fashion, and vanity, the perfect targets for the new consumerism that Englishmen saw as a danger to the national character. Lord Chesterfield would keep women from business affairs since he regarded them as children of a larger growth. Jonathan Swift dismissed the sex as mindless, while Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, with obvious frustration, plainly enunciates the general assessment of her sisterhood: Folly is reckoned our proper sphere. So it must have been. Even those who were friendly to the gender and concerned with their welfare thought that feminine gender was an inferior species in need of male protection, defence even, from male predators since they lacked the qualities to thrive in a masculine world. John Duntons Athenian Mercury, particularly appreciative of the talents of feminine writers, nevertheless in more worldly matters saw women in conventional social and religious terms. In the Connoisseur George Colman and Bonnell Thornton, writers concerned with championing women authors, repeatedly take the gender to task for behaviour best described as immature and childish. Ridiculing womens use of cosmetics, the Connoisseur focuses on feminine vanity, the dangers of their emotionalism, and their petty concerns for gambling and party-going. The effect of this paternalistic image might be observed in the work of, among the strongest and most daring women writers of the period, Eliza Haywood, whose Female Spectator proves no less patronizing toward women than the works of the male writers already cited. Indeed, it is difficult to distinguish between Haywoods treatment of her gender and the suggestion given in a conduct book, The Ladies Calling that admonished a woman to live in a submissive selflessness consonant with her congenital incapacities. Although written seventy years after the conduct book, the interests in Haywoods courtesy periodical do not vary basically from those of her male predecessor. Her topics are love and marriage, parent-child relationships, feminine education, moral and social decorum; her views, despite her reputation as a scandalous writer, prove as conventional as those in The Ladies Calling, and, indeed, differ little from those of the host of male courtesy writers who preceded her. If someone like Haywood could be influenced by the pervasive male view of women in the prints, the evidence suggests that she was not alone even among the strongest in her gender. Elizabeth Brophy has demonstrated how the conduct books shaped womens own view of themselves whether in terms of their natural abilities, their emotional and intellectual weaknesses, or the dangers of their being overeducated. Looking at womens writing about themselves and their gender, it is not simple to distinguish how much of the portrait plays up to male expectations, how much in various subtle ways attempts to undermine the masculine view, or how much represents an acceptance of male definitions of womanhood (Todd, 1989, 9-10). Even the many fine women novelists of the century, rediscovered by feminist critics and publishers, indicate the enormous pressures on them to conform personally and professionally to male and indeed feminine expectations of women and their subject matter. Whatever may be traced to genuine gender differences, social conventions, and marketplace demands, these women were constantly made aware of their gender and limitations on it (Rogers, 1977, 64-65, 78). For example, whatever her considerable abilities as a translator, Elizabeth Carter could be comically but nonetheless seriously praised by Samuel Johnson on her equally fine ability to make a pudding. For all her intellectual talents, Carter, and many others like her had to know that in the male-dominant world they had a limited and very well-defined sphere. Given this paternalistic view of womens characterwhose very virtues appear designed to serve mens needsthe sphere for feminine activity would have to be very restricted in its boundaries. Women, after all, had inherent weaknesses, limited powers of reasoning, and emotions too easily stirred by the vapours from the womb. Men seriously regarded women as incompetent to perform the important tasks of society, too frivolous and whimsical to be trusted in serious endeavour: on the huge stage of the world, men were intended to be performers, while women were intended to remain silently and respectfully behind the curtain until called upon by men. From this point of view, women appear not simply inferior to men but creatures of a different order on natures chain of being. (Perry, 1992, 190) Yet the very things that men sensed kept women obviously out of the larger political and social prospect made them unusual in another sphere of life, one important for mens comfort, security, fortunes, and progeny. Those qualities of charitableness, compassion, submissiveness, and piety were icons of the household. Women in the domestic setting served a masculine society as totems of family values, of stability, of purity, of concern, and of loyalty. Affectionate marriages replacing the traditional contract alliances suggest mens recognition that they had to satisfy their emotional needs through matrimony. Certainly there was greater gratification in the romantic relationship than in the bleak ties of a loveless arrangement (Stone, 1977, pp. 4, 5, 7, 119; Hagstrum, 1980, pp. 1-2). Superficially, at least, it would feel like there was some type of triumph for womanhood in this new companionate marriage and its implications for greater authority at least in the household. It would seem not a bad trade-off for women who generally conceded their intellectual inferiority to men. It did, after all, give women sway in household matters more than they ever. It allowed them to act with enough guile to reignby insinuating ways so long as they maintained their customary mildness and cheerfulness.† For a lot of women the progress of the affectionate marriage, the regal control over the household, and the idealisation of womanhood that accompanied it must surely have been satisfying whatsoever the cost in having to deny the full intellect and sexuality of ones nature. For such women, words like William Alexanders in 1779 would have sounded comforting rather than annoying: As women are, in polished society, weak and incapable of self-defence, the laws of this country have supplied this defect, and formed a kind of barrier around them, by rendering their per  sons so sacred and inviolable, that even death is, in several cases, the consequence of taking improper advantage of that weakness. As the eighteenth century advanced, whatever their feelings, more and more the sphere of women became clearly the domestic workplace (LeGates, 1976, 21), and woman was idealised by man unless vanished all truly human qualities are vanished except those required to serve mens needs. Surely, however, there were women who would have recognised what Janet Todd labels as belittling idealisation in Alexanders words. Sheryl ODonnell describes such views as patriarchal notions of women as highly venerated inferior beings. Companionate marriage itself, Ruth Perry suggests, may be understandable as a more systematic psychological requisition of women to fulfil the emotional needs of men, a harsh judgment but not altogether untrue. Not all eighteenth-century women could have found pleasure in the notion that marriage was the be-all and end-all of their existence. As far back as Millamant in William Congreve Way of the World, the drawbacks of the marital state provided material for a womans lament; Charlotte Lennox Arabella in The Female Quixote most assuredly recognised the consequence of marriage on women, a good example of the anger that bubble below womens forced surface complacency. Domestic idealism could have had little appeal to the unmarried woman without prospects or to the intellectual female expected to hide her learning from an easily affronted male ego. Information that domestic responsibilities rated higher than intellectual interests could hardly have pleased the Bluestockings, however well they learned to play the game of self-effacement in a male society. Still, in the beginning and ending years in the time period from 1660 to 1800, female voices of protest were limited in a patriarchal society, and no great chorus joined such soloists as Mary Astell, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and Mary Wollstonecraft. If the companionate marriage undoubtedly brought greater passion to the marital state itself, it did nothing to enlarge the sense and possibility of female sexuality in the general society. In fact, in some ways the marriage of affection demanded new or increased insistence on female chastity before and after the wedding. To be sure, the dual criterion in sexual matters willingly acknowledged that men bring sexual knowledge to the marriage bed. With the view of the womans superior morality, her idealisation as a symbol of maternal tenderness, and her embodiment of Christian virtues, however, came a demand for purity, both physical and mental. Idealisation merely brought the upper-and middle-class woman to a point where she was expected to deny her genuine emotionseither to suppress her passions or, at least, pretends that they did not exist. None of this, of course, applied to women of the lower orders. They were regarded as morally and socially inferior, not in control of their passions, and natural game for the male sex-hunter, particularly of the established classes. No better example of the double standard exists than the marital relationship of Samuel Johnsons friends, the Thrales. Henry Thrale, the brewer, carried on illicit relationships throughout his marriage to Hester Thrale. As a consequence of his behaviour, he suffered repeated venereal ailments, the treatment of which became, in part, his wifes responsibility even during a pregnancy. Still, no one in their society, and even Hester Thrales twentieth-century male biographer, found Henry Thrales conduct appalling. Indeed, like other males in their circle (Boswell, of course, is a good example); Henry Thrale, certainly, have his suffering as a sign of the nobility of his virility. His friends looked upon such manhood, if not the consequence, as admirable. Yet, when her husband died and Mrs. Thrale married Gabriel Piozzi, an Italian musician, she scandalised her circle of friendsincluding the novelist Fanny Burneynot simply because Piozzi was an Italian Catholic and a musician, but because in choosing him despite these drawbacks she had displayed a passion unbecoming to a woman of her times. She had placed her romantic feelings, her sexual desires, above the common sense expected of the now desexualised respectable woman. In every way society had made women citizens of another country. The double standard allowed men to cheat freely on their wives while demanding impeccable fidelity from them. For upper-class men to foist bastards on lower-class women, including their own household servants, brought neither shame nor embarrassment to them. If they chose to pay for the upkeep of these children, that was evidence of their generosity. If idealisation had made married women beings devoid of normal human emotions, the very laws of their country turned them into chattel, the property of their husbands. Let a woman fall from grace, and it required a miracle or at least a generous-hearted novelist to rescue her from utter destruction. Once having yielded to her passions, she was regarded as appropriate victim for all other males in her society. Even at the lower levels of society, the disparity of the sexes is evident, for example, in such a thing as the notorious practice of wife-selling in the period. Despite a recent attempt to apologise for it as a poor mans system of divorce and to show that women frequently found satisfaction in it (Thompson, 1991), the fact remains that it was the selling of wives and not husbands that characterised the procedure. Like the very system that excluded women from the public sphere, the terms of more personal relationships removed women from intimate relationships with men. Given the circumstances of women in eighteenth century society, it is not remarkable that they cut such poor figures in the novels of the period. One way or another, they were perceived by male writers as stereotypes: idealised heroines, fallen figures, comic and grotesque old maids, bluestockings, sexy servants, and the like. It would require the talents and sensitivity of the most unusual male writeror, indeed, femaleto get beyond the facade and thus create as well-rounded female characters as the believable heroes of eighteenth-century fiction. Very much a part of that male-dominant society of eighteenth-century England, Tobias Smollett could be likely considering women from that limited perspective. Indeed, it would be hard to identify a writer in the period more likely to display an example of the masculine sensibility. Even more than Henry Fielding, the contemporary novelist that he is most similar to, Smollett wrote novel that has, from his era to the present, appealed largely to male readers. Whether in his personal life, his attitude toward women in the real world, his generic literary interests, or the interrelationships among them, the forces shaping Smolletts novels led naturally to the small roles acted by caricatured women in his writing. Clearly, from whatever stance it has been written, critical opinion has consistently denied Smolletts ability to deal with women and their emotions. Feminist critics find his work insignificant for their purposes, contrast his blindness to female sensitivities with Samuel Richardsons awareness of womens feelings, and charge him with a misunderstanding and respect for the opposite sex. More traditional evaluations of Smolletts treatment, from early on and regardless of the gender of the writers, prove equally dismissive of his talent for dealing with women, their feelings, or their relationships with men. When Smolletts female characters are not being ignored, they are discussed for their eccentricities, their absence of reality, or their evidence of the authors paternalistic attitudes. Their very presence in Smolletts work and their treatment are attributed to the writers need to satisfy public taste rather than to any genuine personal interest in them. Whether as stereotypical idealised heroines or comic grotesques, Smolletts women are perceived only in relation to the roles they serve to satisfy his heroes needs. Certainly, neither Smollett’s life nor fiction displays the kind of sensitivity to womens emotions that would permit him to create heroines that go much beyond the idealisation that makes their sexual passions anything more than a convenience to gratify their husbands desires. If he achieves a sense of sympathy for the situation of fallen women in a character like Miss Williams in Roderick Random, her tale and its emotions are largely written to formulaic stereotypes. The distance between the fictional conventions in her story and the more revealing inset of Memoirs of a Lady of Quality in Peregrine Pickle reveals the contrast between masculine assumptions and genuine feminine sensitivities. Smollett feels most secure in his comic or grotesque female characters because they dependdespite his superior skillson conventional stereotypes that protect him from having to go too deeply into their emotions. After all, affectionate awareness toward women should barely be expected from a novelist capable of repeatedly harsh treatment of Jews (with the exception of Joshua in Ferdinand Count Fathom) and of blacks in both Roderick Random and Humphry Clinker. The wonder of it is that Smollettfor all his limitationsmanaged to generate so much diversity in his female characters of all types. That fact suggests the importance of talent and the effects of function in fiction. Smolletts limitations begin with his personal experience. Some sense of what can be expected in Smolletts female characters, especially his heroines, becomes evident in an inspection of his real relationships and associations with women. Although the much time has passed when simple biographical criticism could be freely used to explain works of literature that does not mean that an authors life is so distinct from his or her writing that biographical material cannot contribute to a better understanding of how and why the writers fiction takes the shape that it does. The authors interests, values, and experiences, after all, account for choice in subject matter, methods of presentation, and objects of focus. If, for example, a writer regards women in a particular way, that attitude is expected to influence his or her treatment of female characters. If a writer concentrates on a hero rather than a heroines activities and interests, then it is likely to be the hero who dominates the work while women play minor or subsidiary roles. For Smollett especially, since he depended too much on his own experiences and sought to bring to his fiction a genuine sense of the actual world as he perceived it, the facts of his biography as they bear upon his relationships to women seem appropriate. (Beasley, 1982, pp. 74ff. 82-83) Given Smolletts dependence on experience and his associations with women, it is not astonishing that he opts for the picaresque mode for his novels, that he emphasizes the adventures of a single male character, and that he utilizes his imagined women chiefly as adjuncts to the interests of his heroes. Smolletts biography, particularly his personal and emotional relationships with women, discloses a strongly male personality, even for an eighteenth-century man that forecasts the manner in which female characters appear in his novels-novels, after all, entitled Roderick Random and Peregrine Pickle rather than Pamela or Clarissa. Judged by what we know of Smolletts relationship with his spouse, he was a man who, if he had romantic passion, managed very well to control any expression of it. At a time when a new order of familial connections had become well established and affection between marital partners was the norm, Smolletts biography and work reflect no real tendency to an open expression of romantic feelings toward Nancy (Anne) Lassells, the West Indian heiress whom he married in about 1743. That very doubt about their wedding date suggests the manner in which Smollett chose to expose his personal feelings to the world. The same vagueness marks the place of their marriage, and Smolletts earliest biographersthose, after all, closest to the evidence and one a good friendcould provide no help on the matter and had to resort to creating imaginary details about it and about Anne herself. Like the idealised heroines of romance, Smolletts wife, as presented by him, seems little more than a fictional construction existing for the role she played in the life of the hero. Smolletts taciturnity about his most intimate relationship with a woman seems to mask what strongly appears to have been a good marriage. No evidence of other womenbefore or during their marriageexists anywhere in Smolletts biography, an absence that perhaps helps account for the lack of any concreteness in his portrayal of the emotional lives of most of his heroines. Certainly Smollett never indicates any dissatisfaction with their relationship. The one statement in a letter to Robert Barclay in 1744 that enigmatically expresses Smolletts uncertain state at the time may refer, as Lewis Knapp suggests, to Smolletts financial insecurity. Characteristically, Smollett holds back on the details. Smollett himself, years later in his Will, gives an apparent portrait of his considerations of Anne. Although Knapp says of the document, Through the legal terminology of [it] there burns the flame ofhis true affection for his wife, its formality speaks more to her generosity than to any strong emotion on his part. The novelist who could readily give vent to passions of anger and revenge in both life and fiction could not easily find words to describe the romantic emotions of love. Unlike Henry Mackenzie, his fellow Scots novelist, Smollett could not employ the vocabulary of a man of feeling. Even in his Will he can come up with no stronger language than my dear Wife Anne Smollett. When Dr. Giovanni Gentili, after Smolletts death, summarised the life of the Smolletts as one of perfect harmony, he appears to be seeing the relationship through Smolletts own stoical sensibility. That same stoicism did not characterize Anne. The few documents of hers we have reveal not only an intelligent and informed woman but also physically powerful touching association in their matrimony in spite of her husbands incapability forever to find suitable words to explain it. Certainly, for all that is recognized of Smolletts touching eruption of annoyance with others, it seems that he knew reasonably well not to vent his ill temper in opposition to his spouse, or, at any rate, she knew well as to how to deal with him in a matrimony that provides no proof that he ever mislaid her warmth. Like Smollett, she could explode when circumstances called for it, but unlike him she could find a tender phrase to express her feelings of love and did not falter in doing so. In a letter to Archibald Hamilton in 1773, she displays a fairly close familiarity with her husbands work and a good understanding of literature. Protective of her husbands reputation, she pushes, ultimately successfully, for a monument to his memory. She enquires that his volumes be transferred to her. She bemoans how much that Dear Man Suffered while he wrote Humphry Clinker during his terminal illness and how miss-used he was by his publisher. For her he was my dear Smollett, and, as their friend Robert Graham wrote in a prologue to a play for her benefit, she was capable of weeping for the loss of Smollet [sic] [who] once was mine! Only once does Smollett himself provide a picture of their blissful marriage. In an undated fragment of a letter, he writes: Many a time do I stop my task and betake me to a game of romps with Betty [Elizabeth, his daughter), while my wife looks on smiling and longing in her heart to join in the sport; then back to the cursed round of duty. The round of duty is Smolletts, not Annes, and she remains, like women of her time, an appendage to her husband. In Smolletts letters, poetry, and Travels Through France and Italy, the same picture emerges. Perhaps it is unfair to use his letters as evidence. Smollett’s routine was too hectic to apprehend himself with writing letters, and generally they are perfunctory and business-like, hardly the place to expect much emotional expression, let alone romantic effusions. If any were ever written to Anne herself, they no longer exist. References to her are few: regards to a family member and friends, a comment about selling part of her estate, the puzzling remark to Barclay perhaps about his trepidations about marriage, and a comment on her health. In a letter to Richard Smith, an American admirer, in 1763, however, Smollett summarizes his life and describes his marriage. To be sure, it would be remarkable if Smollett displayed his emotions in a letter to a stranger. Nevertheless, his comment illustrates again his characteristic coldness in his references to Anne: I married, very young, Jamaican, a young Lady famous and respected across the world, under the name of Miss Nancy Lassells; and by her I enjoy a relaxing though modest area in that Island. The coldness of Smolletts language and what he chooses to say are a remarkable foreshadowing of the descriptive terms in his Will. Even in a letter to his friend Alexander Reid after the Smolletts had lost their only child, Smollett, while speaking of his grief in a half a sentence, ignores altogether the impact on Anne and only later speaks of his wife as enjoy[ing] pretty good Health. Not even in poetry apparently concentrated on Anne does Smollett manage to convey romantic emotion. His novels show him to be passionateabout injustice, personal grievance, stupidity, and the like. In the poem Tears of Scotland on the outrageous treatment of the Scots after the Battle of Culloden, he does not hold back on his feelings, and in Ode to Leven-Water in Humphry Clinker he explode forward into over-romantic reminiscence. And yet neither A Declaration in Love: Ode to Blue-Eyd Ann nor his Pastoral Ballad (both published in his British Magazine in 1760) rises above the variety of part conservative in his era or proffers everything close to profound feeling. The ode, probably a relic of his courtship, seems rescued from a pile of old papers to serve as filler in his new magazine. The ballad, a stock part, has no value save for the detail that it is almost certainly Smolletts. Neither has the strength or passion that suggests genuine emotion. Nor was it likely that Smolletts poems would be open declarations of his deepest romantic feelings. When Lord George Lyttelton published his openly sentimental monody on the death of his wife, Smollett responded with a savage parody in Peregrine Pickle. Smollett was no Lyttelton, nor was he like the later Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who cast the inscribed poems into the grave of his wife, Elizabeth Siddall. If Roderick Randoms two poems to the heroine of his novel (225-27) or the poet Melopoyns, in which Roderick substitutes her name for the characters, were inspired by Smolletts feelings for Anne (and the novel was, after all, written only a few years after their marriage), it would be a sign of his sentiments, romantic feelings that he otherwise managed to keep well hidden. For Smollett, womeneven the woman to whom he was closestwere attendant upon men just as the heroines of his novels served to fill out mens stories and adventures. They were observed, when they were observed, from the outside. Consider the character that Anne has in Travels Through France and Italy. Although she was present throughout the journey, she seems barely to exist. According to Knapp, the references to Anne in the Travels signified that the author was affectionately dedicated to his Ann. In a paternalistic way that is factual, but it is even more to the note to point that the minute part that she participates in the work hands out the reasons of the performer, the male explorer who is the focal point of the books concentration. Smolletts strong masculine sensibility so evident in his marital relationship was bound to affect his treatment of female characters in his novels. That same sensibility apparently influenced his relationship with women in the society outside his home, and that, too, would help account for his fictional approach to members of the other sex, especially limiting his ability to go below the surface of his female characters to develop their emotions and to understand their sensibilities. No other major male writer in the period seems so restricted in his association with women, particularly in social situations. References Beasley, Jerry C. (1982) â€Å"Novels of the 1740s† Athens: University of Georgia Press, pp. 74ff. 82-83 Burney, Frances. (1970) â€Å"Evelina; or, a Young Ladys Entrance into the World†, ed. Edward A. Bloom. London: Oxford University Press: 7, 9. Colley, Linda (1992), Britons Forging the Nation 1707-1837, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 252 Hagstrum, Jean H. (1980), Sex and Sensibility: Ideal and Erotic Love from Milton to Mozart, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-2. LeGates, Marlene (Fall 1976) The Cult of Womanhood in Eighteenth-Century Thought, Eighteenth-Century Studies 10: 21 Perry, Ruth (Feb. 1992) Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth Century England, Eighteenth-Century Life 16, n.s. 1: 190. Rogers, Katharine M. (Fall 1977) Inhibitions in Eighteenth-Century Women Novelists: Elizabeth Inch bald and Charlotte Smith, Eighteenth-Century Studies 11: 64-65, 78. Stone, Lawrence (1977), The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800, New York: Harper and Row, pp. 4, 5, 7, 119 Thompson, E. P.   (1991), Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture (New York: The New Press, Ch. 7. Todd, Janet The Sign of Angellica: Women; Writing, and Fiction, 1660-1800 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), pp. 9-10.