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Thursday, March 7, 2019

Do we need statistic quality criteria?

The intention is to comp atomic b aside 18 statistical summary methods and dependencies. With the transformation into quantitative variables a rationalization effect is desired. In this way extensive data burn be reduced to its core. To check the comparability required for that, part criteria possess been developed. These ar according to current entombpretation higher if the standardization of the researchs fill, the words of the probe and the setting is easily realizable. There are five opposite types of step of measuring rodment. These five criterion of touchstone are divided into dickens crowds.The chief(prenominal) group and the sub group. Objectivity, Reliability and Validity belong to the main group. acceptableness and Economy are the deuce parts of the subgroup. This paper is center on the main group. Chapter 2 Criterion of Measurements 1. Objectivity Objectivity is the end to which a political campaign resoluteness in implementation, analysis and for k upation keep be influenced by an investigator or if to a greater extent(prenominal) come to interconnected results. Neither the implementation nor the analysis and interpretation carried out by divergent researchers may hence produce variant results.The implementing objectivity requires that the foreseek result is unaffected by the user. The interpretation f objectivity requires that individual interpretations freighter non be employ towards the interpretation off result. For spokesperson to measure the screw length by a calibrated measuring equipment is an aim measurement but the survey of employees by their team leader for the leadership is very subjective. 2. Reliability Reliability indicates the reliability of a measurement method. An investigation is described as real if it comes to the like conclusion at a repetition of the measurement execrable the same conditions.It can be inter alai determined by a repeat examination (test-retest method) or some earl y(a) equivalent test (par eachel test method). The measure is the reliability coefficient and it is defined by the correlativity of the two investigations. An example off reliable oppugn is How many a(prenominal) employees has your department? In second question has a lower reliability because it is unclear who is defined as a team player and in that respectfore different opinions can come into existence. 3. Validity Some people asseverate that there is no rigorousness but indeed there are quite different kinds of rigorousness.This is certainly true but they crap in common hardihood or hardship of these measurements describe the degree of verity with which a method measures what it purports to measure. An intelligence test for example is only effectual when intelligence activities are measured and non primarily the steadiness. A test has study that is true the problem is to determine that. The name of intelligence (as headspring as aggression, anxiously etc. ) is a s o called name pees are concepts that more or less appear to be theoretically meaningful. The described is not observed directly but inferred from indicators.Constructs are under the theory useful assumptions. Basically its the problem of truth of statements which are unfathomed in the concept of hardship Are allegations true? In the example above deserves a test that is sold as intelligence test this name? Psychologically more important is the trial-and-error validness that authority the match and predictive lustiness. The first can be checked by correlating the results with criterion values. In this way we could for instant demonstrate the validity of a calculation exam for the third shallow year by the correlation of the test results with the teachers Judgments.A predictive validity is situated close to determine, for example, when designing a work readiness test After the test survey unrivalled should wait at least until the end of he first school year and then assess the correlation between test results and school performance. The test is valid if the correlation fails high. Validity is the most important quality criterion, because it indicates the degree of accuracy with which a study captures (e. G. Personality traits or behaviors). The confirmation is performed using the correlation with an external criterion. There are different types of validity 3. Construct validity Construct validity is present when measurements capture what they should perimeter ( if a work is inferred from a high correlation then perform validity is the same as liability). If hypotheses are being derived from a stimulate it means high construct validity and consequently true(p) empirical confirmation of this hypothesis. A small construct does not necessarily intercommunicate against the measure, they can also speak against the construct itself. This form of validity presupposes reliable knowledge about the construct I. E. Knowledge of the relevant theories and th e relevant give awayings.For the validity of an aggression test may speak, for example, when men achieve higher loads than women and when young men (about 20 years) assimilate higher values Han senior ones (about 40 years). In general aggressiveness in our culture is more distinctive for young men than for women and older men (detectable in the law-breaking statistics). The results of a test structure must therefore ultimately go for with the general knowledge to construct. As a special procedure for the conclusion of construct validity is factor analysis using complex computational procedures used to were clumps of test tasks.Usually it is not even particularly difficult to interpret these clumps (factors), one sees, for example are among many that (intelligence) tasks hose that require functional with numbers, a special factor, as they will in future number bound thinking combined into one part test. Factor analysis is controlled by one hand theoretical knowledge of the re searchers. On the separate hand this is supplemented by the empirically derived factors or even corrected. Especially in the use of computers many subjective decisions are made as there are many variations of factors such as analysis.An example of high construct validity is about the Malaria essay. In this experiment people were ap aspireed as teachers and should punish a student who gave the wrong answer to a question. present the subjects were not informed about the actual reason of the experiment. The punishment was carried out using electric shocks from five to 400 volts. The teacher (the subject) could not see the student but hear him/her. The student was not inflicted real harm. This experiment should measure obedience of people under a certain authority. The indie variable was the authority which could be clearly measured by the voltage.The question was When (at what voltage) breaks an attendant from the experiment? So you can say the higher the the more obedient are the students. The experiment in Germany, USA and Israel led to an appall result in all countries the experiment was carried out to the end by 85% of the participants. During the experiment the students at higher voltage levels (from about 350 volts) didnt dare to make a single sound. Almost all of the attendees were convinced that they had rattling tortured a man. 3. 2 Criterion validity Criterion validity is a special verbal expression of construct validity.Criterion validity is present when the measurements are correlate with a different construct valid measurement (the criterion) high. The construct is defined only on the criterion validity. There is a take chances of circularity when construct validity is solely defined by criterion validity (test A is valid because it correlates with test B which correlated with tryout C which correlates with test A) if you look at it in a different way all tests construct compliant correlate with each other (immunological network) then this is a stronger proof of validity as a twain of validation measurements.For instance, a test to measure depression this test we curb to persons who agree demonstrated a depression. It checks how closely these test results are with other established assessments (e. G. With the assessment y psychotherapists) Usually four types of criterion validity are distinguished. The four types are convergent validity, discrimination validity, simultaneous validity and predictive validity. 3. 2. 1 Convergent validity Convergent validity says that correlated with several alternative criteria but of which the high criteria gives only some have a high construct validity the measurement with high validity.Convergent validity exists when a test correlates highly with other tests construct. That purport to measure the same The measurement of the observation criterion divergence resolution skills in a measurements of the same 3. 2. Discriminate validity criterion in a team exercise. Discriminate vali dity suggests that several alternative criteria of which only certain the criteria of have a high construct validity the measurement correlates low with low validity and high with those of high validity.The measurement of the observation criterion conflict resolution skills in a negotiation exercise should at this point does not correlate with the measurement of results orientation in the same exercise. pith measurements should generally not relate. Constructs do not correlate with each other, not even when the same measurement procedure was used. Oh can still find a correlation the measurement method usually has a overly strong influence on the measurement and should be revised. 3. 2. 3 coinciding validity Concurrent validity means that measurement and criterion are applied simultaneously.The measurement is to be assessed at the same time as the measurement of the criterion. 3. 2. 4 Predictive validity The difference between the concurrent validity and the predictive is that with the concurrent validity, forecasts are based on measurements at the same time. Predictive validity means that the criterion is imposed after the measurement, el the assortment is to predict the criterion. An instrument has predictive validity if predictions that are based on a first measurement can be confirmed by later measurements with another instrument. Schnabel, Hill, Seer 1995) 3. 3 capacitance validity Content validity is actually a specific aspect of construct validity. It is when representing the contents of those measurements collected by content to be measured. The content validity can be formally considered only if the totality of content to be measured is known but this is rarely the case. It is mostly used for simple tests for instance, a knowledge test and spelling test. Content validity is assumed if the individual test items are according to experts a good sample of all possible tasks.A test calculation for the third school year is valid if the tasks about the subject matter of this age group are well represented. 3. 4 Ecological validity ecologically valid in which the measures introduced by this method S-conditions (S stands for stimulus) an unbiased sample of the population of all living conditions of the individual S-conditions are represented. The method is an individual ecologically disenable if the introduced S-bootee conditions in question are not or only rarely represented in this combination. Pallid, 1976) For example, the number of days missing at work is a valid indicator for the health of employees but not for the happiness of employees. If they are at work you dont know if they are satisfied or not. The attempt to measure the length of a screw with a measurement. 4. Acceptably- Acceptability thermometer is another example of a non-valid This will determine if a measurement is acceptable. In other words whether it is consistent with written or offhand social norms and the investigation of partners and thus accepted as such in an interview. 5. Economic EconomyTime and money are always scarce goods therefore you have to consider the aspect of economy. It can be said that the one of two measurements is more economical which was achieved with less cost and time. 6. Result In mulct it is very important to follow the criteria of measurement. If you dont, your result is not valid. That your result is not valid wont be your only problem. You can make a measurement and get a result of your measurement. But the result doesnt represent what you fatality to measure. The best way to measure is, to measure with two groups. If you have two groups you have the possibility to compare these two roofs.

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